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1003——09溯怎么读
“溯”怎么念？“溯”读作“Sù”，也可以读作“泝,遡”，意为逆流而上。沿着水流的方向前进，也可以理解为追溯根源或回忆过去。“溯”还有“推本溯源”、“回溯”、“追溯”的意思。
汉字蕴含的思维方式和文化基因
作者：王云路（浙江大学敦和讲席教授、教育部长江学者特聘教授、中国训诂学研究会会长）
文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂。文化的主要载体是语言文字。习近平总书记2022年在河南安阳殷墟博物馆考察时强调：“中国的汉文字非常了不起，中华民族的形成和发展离不开汉文字的维系。”
语言文字不仅是交流情感的工具，还是文化传承的载体，是国家繁荣发展的根基，是民族身份的象征和标志。每一个汉字、每一个词语都是一幅画、一个故事。每个字和词的构造与变化，都体现着古人认识世界的思维印记，承载着先民独特的认知模式。
在浙江省湖州市德清县下渚湖街道，老师指导孩子学写字。谢尚国摄/光明图片
国家典籍博物馆“殷墟甲骨”专题展展出的“甲骨2174”。左上为甲骨文中的“兔”字。新华社发
蕴含先民思维方式
汉字是保留中华民族文化基因的重要载体。汉字是一面镜子，其独特的造字方式，映射出古人认识世界、表达意愿的途径和方法。汉字的创造和使用，承载了中华民族独特而严谨的思维方式和基因密码。
我们可以从具象思维与抽象思维两个角度揭示先民造字与用字的特点。一个汉字可以用一幅图画表示，或源于日常生活，或源于自然山水，也可以源于人体自身。透过这幅“画”，我们可以窥探其中的深意。这里以“夺”“得”“间”三个字为例，说说它们的造字理据，由此看古人是如何通过具体画面来表达抽象含义的。
从字形看“夺”（奪）的造字之义：“奞”表示鸟展翅欲飞，“寸”就是右手，整体表示手里抓着的一只大鸟一下子飞走了。其蕴含的特征义是“失落，离开”，“夺”的所有词义都由此展开。校勘学术语“夺文”指文字脱落；“泪水夺眶而出”，指泪水离开眼眶；“夺目”指目光离开原来所视之物，即目光转移。失去与夺走这两者本质上是一体两面。使一方失去的手段，便是另一方进行逼迫或夺取。李密《陈情表》“舅夺母志”是说，舅舅让母亲失掉了不再嫁人的志向（想法），换言之就是逼迫母亲改嫁。夺走对方的东西，也就意味着使对方丧失原有的东西。“失落——丧失（使失落）——夺取（使对方丧失而自己获得）”，这就是古人思考的线索。
“得”的甲骨文字形“”表示一只手拿着一个贝壳，后来作“”，表示在路上捡到一枚贝壳。“贝”在远古时代曾是通用货币，“拾贝”是一种获得，更是一种快乐与满足，是一种心理预期与实际获得的吻合。古人用所经历过的生活场景表达获取之义，也表达心理上“相亲和”“相契合”的意思。如此，我们就可以准确理解“得计”“得体”“得意洋洋”“得心应手”“相得甚欢”等众多复音词和成语的含义了。
甲骨文中的一个“间”字“”，画出了一幅生活场景：两扇门的门缝中有一个月亮。表达的景象是：夜晚，皎洁的月光从门缝中透入。这里传达的含义是什么？约2000年前的许慎有解释：“间（閒），隙也，从门，从月。”具象含义是门缝，而奥妙在于画面之间各种事物的关系，也就是抽象义，表达出的概括特征是缝隙（或形成缝隙）。活动的场所叫“空间”，活动的过程有“时间”，拥有充足的时间是“闲暇”，让人产生隔阂叫“离间”，窥探对象国家（地区）或敌对方内部事务的人叫“间谍”……这些词义都是由“缝隙”这个特征义产生的。从空隙到空间再到时间，以及抽象的人与人之间的心理距离，不凭借这个生活场景呈现出的画面，也许我们真不知该如何表达。
保存民族文化基因
大多数汉字呈现出来的图画是传达意义的载体，而不是意义本身。我们从造字中提取出抽象特征义，就会明白古人是如何用具体表达抽象、用客观表达主观、用物质表达心理的。掌握了从具象到抽象的思维模式后，古人主要使用两种方式来运用它：在字词上，运用偏旁创造大量同源词等；在词义上，运用联想和类推使一个字发展出多种词义。
首先来看同源词。一幅画是一个字，创造出的意象就是单个字义。如果每个字都这样画，不仅费工夫，有些也无法画出。古人采用提取抽象特征的方法，把一系列相关事物共用同一个象形字做偏旁，加上类属偏旁，从而产生一组同源词，表达对一类事物的认识。
比如，“吕”就是一个取象人体的字，画的是一节节脊椎骨相连的样子，其特征就是“相连”。先民从人体脊椎骨的形象联想到其他具有同类特征的事物：把一节节铺排下来的屋檐叫作“梠”，把成片的野生谷子叫作“稆”，把一户户人家构成的里巷叫作“闾”，把人跟人结伴叫作“侣”，甚至把一块块布缝缀成衣服叫作“”。这些被称为“同源词”，也是“同源字”。这是一种根据事物抽象特征创造新字的造字法。屋檐、人家、伴侣、野生植物、缝纫衣服，这些看似毫不相干的事物，如何能够联系到一起？靠的是高超的联想，联想的纽带是这些事物或动作的抽象特征。运用偏旁部首合成形声字，尤其同源字，是造字中普遍运用的最为经济便捷的手段。认识到这一点，我们在分析这些字时，就不能随意分解，把古人布局好的一系列有规则的、具有同类抽象特征的事物打乱，按照浅显的表面现象进行归类。比如，将“侣”字归入“亻”旁，“闾”归入“门”旁，如此分类就太低估古人的认知水平了。
其次，一个字为什么有许多含义？这些义项是怎么联系的？汉语词义的演化最能展示古人在用字上丰富奇妙的联想，而这个联想是有规律的，是用原始造字义抽象出的特征贯穿诸多义项。
例如，“”是“候”的甲骨文字形，表示瞄准箭头射向靶子。箭头射到靶子上，必须目光集中到靶心，就是瞄准。这是其造字义，其用字义就是目光对事物的瞄准，也就是“察看”。目光接触的对象不同，含义则发生变化，由此，古人展开了丰富的联想——
（1）目光瞄准敌人及其军事设施，就是伺望、侦察。双音词有“侦候”“刺候”“斥候”等。（2）目光瞄准下属及其管理对象，就是监视、督察。双音词有“候望”“逻候”“虞候”，督查和实施督查的官吏也都称“候”。各个地方的管理者就是“诸侯”（“侯”与“候”本为一字）。（3）目光瞄准宾客，就是迎接、问候。组成双音词“等候”“守候”“问候”“恭候”等的“候”即是此含义。（4）目光瞄准其他特定对象，就是观察。对病人的观察，就是候诊、候脉。转为名词，有“征候”“症候”等。对火的观察，转为名词，就是“火候”。（5）目光瞄准天空，就是观天象，占验、测算。转为名词，“候”表示时令、时节、天气，有“气候”“节候”“时候”“岁候”等并列双音词。可以看出，“候”的核心义是“察看”，即目光对事物的关注。
古人以最适合他们的认知方式，画出一幅简单且可理解的外界图像，图像的运用则是在经验的基础上。射箭需要目光对准，就是注视，而目光从箭靶子移到其他事物，就产生了一系列义位。先民用这种认知体系来指代周边相关事物，这是词义间产生联想的关键环节。为什么“候”的构词能力强？因为人无论干什么都离不开眼睛观察，都离不开注视。
再如“汉字”的“字”，造字义是一个小孩子在屋子里，是说孩子在屋里出生。从“生育”的角度延伸，“字”有四义：嫁、孕、生、养。“字”是“生育”义，之前的婚嫁、孕育，之后的抚养也都与之衔接。既然“字”是生育义，与文字有何关系？原来，古人先创造出象形字，称为“文”（独体字）。然后把“文”这样的独体字组合起来创造出合体字，生育后代是繁衍，产生新字也是“文”的繁衍滋生，于是“字”由生孩子义转到了“（产生）文字”的意义。
以上仅是举例性质，已经可以证明：汉语词义是有规律可循的。通过一个个汉字，我们可以穿越到古人的生活情景中，看看他们是如何认识世界的。
赓续中华传统文脉
2022年，《2021—2035年国家古籍工作规划》明确把“加强汉字阐释，揭示汉字蕴含的中华文化内涵”列为“促进古籍资源普及推广”的重要工作内容。现代汉语词汇语义的溯源与演变研究包括两个方面：第一，汉字怎样形成？字形往往记录本义，这是对词义来源的探讨。第二，词义怎样发展？词义的引申往往有迹可循，这是对词义演变路径的追溯，也涉及词义发展过程中新字形的产生。由此揭示汉字的基因密码，进而探索中国传统文化的思维模式以及汉民族观察世界的认知思路。
依据先人的造字模式，就可以推导古人认识事物的思维特点和规律。上文已经讨论过，创造汉字完美体现了中国人的思维方式。构造汉字，是一种艺术创造，主要用形象思维描摹出一个个具象的场景或画面；创造同源字，是一种科学推理，运用抽象思维提取事物意义间的共性特征，加上类属，其意义范畴与隐含特征就清晰地呈现出来了。
使用汉字，同样是理性的、科学性的推演。一是用抽象思维提取其特征义，施用于其他对象。比如，“奋（奮）”的造字义是大鸟展翅飞过原野，其特征是用力向上，由此构成的“奋力”“奋勇”“振奋”“奋不顾身”等常用词却都用于“人”。
二是对造字义特征的联想。比如，“管理”的“管”，本指竹管，后来指称古时的钥匙，因为其形状像长而中空的竹管。掌握钥匙就是掌控事物，“管家”“管事”“管理”的“管”都由钥匙这个意思产生。
三是对相关事物的联系。比如，“字”由生育义联系到相关的“婚嫁、孕育、抚养”义，就是线性引申。凡此意义的演变与应用，靠的是符合逻辑的联想与推理。按照这样的思路，我们可以一步步走进美妙的汉字世界，走进古人观察事物的视野中。
汉语溯源研究的目的是挖掘出汉语造字、用字、构词与意义演变中呈现的独特思维模式和认知理念，揭示中华民族的文化基因。具体到研究方法层面，笔者认为主要有二：一是由今及古、古今融合，通过现代汉语追溯其词语源头。二是从造字义入手，结合训诂材料和文献例证，运用各种分析方法，探讨词语产生的构词理据和意义变化等。期望相关研究能够进一步激活传统语言文字学的活性学术因子，汲取养分，赋予传统学术以更多现代意义，从而实现传统与现代交融，开展语言学史和社会文化史的多层级和多维度研究。
《光明日报》（ 2023年02月26日05版）
来源： 光明网-《光明日报》
你知道什么是溯溪吗？
现在虽已立秋，但是部分地区仍是酷暑天气，这时候能来一场溯溪之旅是个消暑的良方。所谓溯溪，是由峡谷溪流的下游向上游，克服地形上的各处障碍，穷水之源而登山之巅的一项探险活动。
溯溪运动原是欧洲阿尔卑斯的一种登山方式，现演变为相对独立的户外运动。溯溪是一项可以结合登山、攀岩、露营、游泳、绳索操作、野外求生、定位运动、赏鸟等综合性技术的户外活动。在溯溪过程中，溯行者须借助一定的装备，具备一定的技术，去克服诸如急流险滩、深潭飞瀑等许多艰难险阻，充满了挑战性。溯溪的配备并没有一定要求，但因为不同的河谷地形可能具有危险性, 需要应用到攀登的技术与器具, 如绳带以利帮助队员过溪及上岩壁。也正是由于地形复杂，不同地方须以不同的装备和方式行进，因而使得这项活动富于变化而魅力无穷。近年来不少户外爱好者已纷纷加入溯溪行列。
溯溪就种类可以简单地分为完全溯溪、段落溯溪。
完全溯溪就是沿着溪流的下游直溯而上，直至顶峰，难度最大，但是成就感和收获也不是一般运动可以比拟的，不少顶峰都拥有绝色的风景，而且千年来人迹罕至，绝对是人间仙境。
段落溯溪可以说是完全溯溪的普及版，就是选择一段溪流溯行，可上可下，主要还是在享受露营垂钓的乐趣，顺带欣赏飞瀑峭壁等美景，是最普及的溯溪方式。专业的溯溪要用到许多不同的技术来完成移动的目标，譬如背着行李横跨溪流、游过较深的水面、在岩石间跳跃前进、通过绳索攀爬瀑布或者峭壁，而暗流和峭壁、山洪暴发都可能让溯溪者大吃苦头。可以说，溯溪整合了登山、攀岩和游泳等户外运动的精髓，而除了体力、耐力外，勇气与团队合作也相当重要。
溯溪根据难度分为初级、中级、高级。
初级指一千公尺以下，一天或一天半可以往返，流程起伏不大，适于新手建立信心与兴趣培养，强度及危险程度比较低。
中级指一千公尺至两千公尺，两天至三天行程，具有相当程度的瀑布、深潭、峡谷地形，颇具困难度且须露宿的行程均可称之为中级溪谷。可进一步让新手了解溯溪的实质意义，强度及危险程度较高，需经验丰富且有一定技能。
高级指两千公尺以上，需四、五天以上行程，有高大瀑布、深潭、峡谷地形，具有高难度且须紧急露宿的行程的溪谷。须有技术熟练和体能良好者尝试，适合专业人士探险体验，挑战性极强，当然刺激收获也是最大。
注意事项
1.参加溯溪活动之前，应阅读有关溯溪技术的书籍，学习各项攀登技术
2.溯溪活动一定要组队结伴，切忌单独进入溪谷中。
3.队员里有资深经验者的指导是非常重要的。
4.溯溪活动之前都要做好行前准备计划，前进路线与临时撤退方案都要让每个队员了解。
5.溪谷地形的特色与天气的变化，都要认真研究清楚，一定要熟练使用地图的技术。
6.发生意外事件时，不可慌乱，一定要视情况的轻重缓急，决定继续前进或撤退中止活动，将伤害减低至最小的程度。
7.绝对不可以摸黑赶路，因为溪谷中高低不平，极容易失足受伤。
8.溪谷中理想的宿营地不多，如果傍晚前找不到适合的宿营地，就要及早考虑野地露宿的可能情形。
9.天气转坏时，一定要及早考虑可能所去溪流及上游地区的天气情况，尤其是南方山区及多雨地区，因为有些时候在上游下一点雨就可能导致山洪暴发，而山洪暴发是溯溪者所面临的最大危险。
10.对于行进路线与营地的选择，都要考虑到溪水上涨的可能，最好能有撤退路线以防万一。
11.发生意外灾难时，可向各地警察派出所报案请求协助。如果遇到危险情况要及时拨打求助电话或是打出SOS警报。对于自助或是团体溯溪可自行购买短期出游意外保险，找保险公司或者网上购买，厦门的一份20元左右。
12.在参加野外活动如登山、溯溪等运动时，溺水是极易发生的伤亡事故。为避免发生溺水事故，涉水过河时的地点应选择在水最浅（浅于膝盖以下）并且水流平稳之处，避免在急流及瀑布上游处渡河，以免因不慎滑倒，尚来不及爬起或上岸，就已接近危险地区了。若在水较深处渡河，应先架设好保护绳索或手持一根长杆试探水的深浅，小心地慢慢渡过。如果是参加溯溪活动，需要经常进行涉过溪流的训练，最好装备头盔、救生衣及溯溪鞋等专用装备，以提供安全保障。
13.当天气不好或下大雨时，应当绕开需涉水过河的路线。若发现河水上涨，不可冒险强行涉过。
14.要避免在水急或水深处取水、饮水。尤其应小心水边石块上的青苔，避免不慎踩踏在青苔上，滑落水中而发生溺水事故。
虽然小编还没有参加过溯溪活动，但是资料查阅时已种草，期待能在夏天结束之前来一次溯溪之旅。
《诗经·秦风·蒹葭》：用托物起兴的手法，创造幽静、迷离的境界
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《诗经》是我国古代第一部诗歌总集，今天就向大家介绍《诗经》中 的一篇作品，这部作品是大家上学时候都学过的，作品名是《蒹葭》。
蒹葭
蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜。所谓伊人，在水一方。
溯洄从之，道阻且长。溯游从之，宛在水中央。
蒹葭萋萋，白露未晞。所谓伊人，在水之湄。
溯洄从之，道阻且跻。溯游从之，宛在水中坻。
蒹葭采采，白露未已。所谓伊人，在水之涘。
溯洄从之，道阻且右。溯游从之，宛在水中沚。
这首诗选自《诗经》中的秦风。秦风就是古时候秦国的民歌。秦国是周朝的诸侯国，当时秦国的地盘，包括现在的山西省关中一带到甘肃省的南部一带地区。这一带地区的民歌，就称为秦风。《蒹葭》这首诗就是从这一带采集的。它到底是什么时期写成的呢？现在已经很难确定。关于这首诗的内容历来说法不一。
有人认为《蒹葭》这首诗是写来讽刺秦襄公的。说秦襄公不采用周文王、周武王、周公制定的礼法去治理国家，所以秦国不能兴旺起来，于是诗人便去寻找他所理想的贤人，但诗人又感叹不能得到。有人认为《蒹葭》这首诗是写游客对秋天的感想，因为在鲍照的赋中有“会堂宇之密亲，坐江潭而为客，对蒹葭之逐黄，视零露之方白”的句子。也有人认为《蒹葭》是一首招隐之诗等等。但这些说法都很牵强附会，缺乏充足的理由，很难使人信服。从诗中所写的内容来看，我们认为《蒹葭》是一首怀念恋人的情歌。它所表现的，是追求情人的感情。现在我们来看看《蒹葭》这首诗是怎样表现这种感情的。
全诗分为三章，第一章是：
蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜。所谓伊人，在水一方。溯洄从之，道阻且长。溯游从之，宛在水中央。
蒹葭，是生长在水边的两种植物，蒹是获苇，葭是芦苇。苍苍，形容秋天芦苇长得茂盛而颜色青苍鲜明的样子。“白露为霜”是说晶莹透明的露珠凝结成洁白的霜花。“所谓伊人”里的伊人，是指这个人，或那个人。“在水一方”是指在河的那一边。“蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜。”这开头两句是《诗经》里常用的托物起兴的手法。所谓兴，就是借着鸟兽草木、雨雪风霜、日月星辰……等自然景物来兴起抒发作者内心的思想感情。在这里，是用清霜、白露、芦获等深秋景色来抒发诗人在寻找情人时的那种空虚、恍惚、傍徨无主的心情。蒹葭、白露既是起兴，又是写景，同时也点明了时间和环境。“蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜”。一下就把我们带入诗的境界。
一个深秋的早晨，河边青苍色的芦苇上，晶莹的露珠凝成了洁白的霜花。你看，在那河边徘徊的不正是诗人吗？他定然有什么心事。作者接着告诉我们：“所谓伊人，在水一方。”就是说，诗人所思念的人在河水的那边。原来诗人是来寻找自己日夜思念的人。他一定是在“求之不得，癌寐思服”的境况下来的吧！不然的话，他为什么在露水正浓的时候来到河边呢？这里微微地透露了一点诗人不安的心情。
接下去，诗人写他所思念的人所在的地方，以及诗人多方寻找的情景：“溯洄从之，道阻且长。溯游从之，宛在水中央。”“溯”，是逆着水流方向往上游走的意思。“酒”，是弯曲的水道，也叫洄水。“从”，在这里表示接近。“之”，是指诗人所寻求的“伊人”。“从之”可理解为去找她或到她那里去。“阻”，是险阻，难走的意思。“长”，是说路途遥远。“游”，是指直流的水道。“溯游”，就是顺着直流而上。“宛”，是宛然、仿佛的意思，也有真真切切的含义。由于诗人所思念的人在河的那一边，如果沿着弯弯曲曲的河岸向上游去寻找她，道路又艰险、又遥远。如果沿着直流的河岸向上游去找她，她仿佛又在河水的中央。诗人所思念的人，她到底在哪里呢？她好象藏身在四周有流水环绕的小岛上。犹如雨后的彩虹，隔山相照，只能远望而接近不了。看来，诗人是有些焦急了。
诗写到这里，给我们创造了一个幽静高远、苍茫迷离的境界。这境界和诗人“求之不得”的心情融合在一起，轻轻地流露了诗人一定的感伤情怀，同时也充满了凄婉的情调。那苍青色的、沾满了露珠的芦苇也给思念的人添上了无限的愁思。
但是，诗人这种伤感，并不是悲观失望无可奈何的感情，只不过是一时寻找不着的调怅心情。这种感情是朴实的、健康的，充分表现了他们爱情的纯真高洁。诗人所思念的“伊人”的形象在诗中虽然没有具体写出，但是，从流水的空明，蒹葭的茂盛青苍，白露的晶莹纯洁，可以使我们联想到在那流水环绕着的小岛上，隐隐约约站着一位可望而不可及的“肌肤若冰雪、绰约若处子”，容颜艳丽、神态高洁的女子。从这里我们可以看出，作者是从虚处取神，使人感到朦朦胧胧，像雾里看花难以捉摸，另有一种美态。尽管诗人从空际着力，但诗中有山、有水、有草、有居处、有“伊人”，所以又还是现实的。因此，使人感到真真切切。但这些现实的东西似乎又完全处在空旷迷离、虚无飘渺之中。这种虚虚实实、实实虚虚，虚实相生之妙正是这首诗的优美动人之处。
诗的第二章和第三章继续描绘诗人寻找“伊人”的情景：
蒹葭萋萋，白露未晞。所谓伊人，在水之湄。溯洄从之，道阻且跻。溯游从之，宛在水中坻。
“萋萋”与“苍苍”以及第三章里的“采采”的意思大致相同，也是形容莱要长得茂盛和青苍鲜明的意思。“晞”，是干的意思。“未晞”，就是没有被太阳晒干。“湄”，是水和草交接的地方，也就是岸边。“跻”，这里指道路往高处伸展。“坻”，是指水中的小岛。“白露未晞”是说太阳出来了，露水已经在慢慢地干了。诗人在露水正浓的时候就来河边寻找他思念的人，现在露水快干了，他还在那里来回寻找。他所要寻的所谓“伊人”，却在水之湄。也就是说他思念的人却又在河岸的那一边。诗人接着说：“溯涵从之，道阻且跻。溯游从之，宛在水中坻。”如果沿着弯弯曲曲的河岸向上游去找她，道路越走越高越艰难。如果沿着直流面上的河岸向上游去找她，她仿佛在那水中的小岛上。仍然是可望而不可及。诗人“求之不得”的心情比起初来时显然焦急得多了。
诗的最后一章：
蒹葭采采，白露未已。所谓伊人，在水之涘。溯洄从之，道阻且右。溯游从之，宛在水中沚。
“未已”是说露水还没有完全干掉。“涘”，是指岸边。“右”，和前面讲的“跻”字的意恩相同，是指往高处攀登，也可作迂回讲。“扯”，是水中的小块陆地或酬作小洲。诗人从“白露为霜”的时候起来寻找他思念的人，一直寻找到“白露未晞”，现在已经是“白露未已”了，就是说白露都快要干完了，可是“所谓伊人，在水之。”她还是藏身在河岸那边，若沿着弯弯曲曲的河岸向上游去找她，道路又高又险。若沿着直流而上的河岸向上游去找她，她又藏身在水中的小洲上。诗人反复寻求，但他思念的人仍然是渺茫而不可得，弄得诗人简直是“搔首踟蹰”，焦急万分了。诗写到这里便戛然而止了，但是言尽而意不尽，给读者留下了一个混茫的空间，让读者去回味，去遐想，去求索。
初中语文，中考语文重点字词解释汇总
爱莲说
2021中考文言文：《爱莲说》重点字词解释，希望对同学们有所帮助，仅供参考。
一、重点字词
可爱：值得喜欢。
者：……的花。
蕃：多。
独：只。
自：从。
甚：特别，十分。
濯：洗。
清涟：清波。
通：贯通，通透。
直：挺立。
蔓：生藤蔓。
枝：生枝茎。
远：远播，远远地传送出去。
益：更加。
亭亭：耸立的样子。
植：竖立。
亵玩：靠近玩弄。亵，亲近而不庄重。
谓：认为。
鲜：少。
闻：传闻。
同：和……一样。
宜：应当。
众：很多。
二、重点句子翻译
1.予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖。
我唯独喜爱莲花，(它)从积存的污泥里长出来却不沾染(污秽)，经过清水洗涤但不显得妖艳。
2.中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植。
(它的茎)内空外直;不横生藤蔓，不旁生枝茎;香气传得越远就越清幽;洁净地挺立(在那里)。
3.可远观而不可亵玩焉。
可以在远处观赏，却不能靠近玩弄(它)。
4.予谓菊，花之隐逸者也;牡丹，花之富贵者也;莲，花之君子者也。
我认为，菊是花中的隐士;牡丹是花中的富贵者;莲是花中的君子。
5.噫!菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻。莲之爱，同予者何人?牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣。
唉!对于菊花的喜爱，陶渊明之后就很少有传闻了。对于莲花的喜爱，像我一样的还有什么人呢?对于牡丹的喜爱，人应当很多了。
三、课文分析
1.归纳主题。
通过对莲花的爱慕和赞颂，表现作者对美好理想的向往，对高尚情操的追求，对正直人格的仰慕;同时，通过对牡丹的厌恶和鄙弃，表现出对趋附权贵、苟随时俗及其风尚的不满。
2.莲之爱(君子形象)。
(1)生长环境：“出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖”，前句象征君子身处污浊环境而不同流合污、不随俗浮沉的品质;后句象征君子庄重、质朴，不哗众取宠，不炫耀自己。
(2)体态香气：“中通外直，不蔓不枝”是体态，象征君子通达正直、豁达大度、行为端正;“香远益清”是香气，志洁行廉，美名远扬。
(3)气质风度：“亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉”，象征君子美好的资质，仪态庄重，令人敬重。
3.下面这段话蕴含了君子的哪些品质?
出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉。
既不与恶浊的世风同流合污，也不孤高自许;通达事理，行为方正，美名远扬;志洁行廉，仪态端庄，令人敬重而不敢轻侮。
4.作者借花喻人，抒情言志。那么他把菊花比作什么?把牡丹比作什么?把莲又比作什么呢?
菊是隐逸者，逃避现实。菊花不在春天与百花争艳，而在群葩凋落的秋季独吐幽芳，就像那些不肯与世俗同流合污而离群索居、隐遁山林的逸民高士
牡丹是富贵者，贪图享乐。它雍容华贵，绚丽多姿，就像达官显贵和攀附富贵的庸碌之辈。
莲是君子，高洁典雅。它不染尘俗，就像胸怀磊落，行为正直，德名远播的君子。
5.本文以“爱”为脉络，写出了对莲花的喜爱，为何还要写菊花和牡丹?
写菊、写牡丹是为了衬莲，写菊为旁衬，写牡丹为反衬，在映衬中突出了莲花的形象和品格，同时又针砭了时俗。
曹刿论战
重点词语解释
①齐师伐我(军队;攻打)
②又何间焉(参与)
③肉食者鄙(鄙陋，文中指目光短浅)
④衣食所安，弗敢专也(养;个人专有)
⑤对曰(回答)
⑥牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也(丝织品;虚报)
⑦必以信(实情)
⑧小信未孚(为人所信服)
⑨虽不能察(即使;明察)
⑩必以情(以实情判断)
忠之属也(尽力做好分内的事)
公将鼓之(击鼓进军;音节助词，不译)
齐师败绩(大败)
公将驰之(驱车追赶)
下视其辙(车轮轧出的痕迹)
遂逐齐师(就;追击、追赶)
夫战，勇气也(句首发语词，无实义)
一鼓作气(振作)
三而竭(竭尽)
彼竭我盈(充满。文中指士气旺盛)
21(○)夫大国，难测也(推测，估计)
22(○)望其旗靡(倒下)
通假字
小惠未徧(“徧”通“遍”，遍及，普遍)
一词多义
①故彼竭我盈，故克之(连词，所以)(既克，公问其故(名词，原因，缘故))
②之公将驰之(代词，代齐军)(公将鼓之(音节助词，不译))
③以必以情(介词，按照、根据)(必以分人(介词，把))
④从战则请从(动词，跟随)(民弗从也(动词，听从))
⑤加万钟于我何加焉(名词，好处)(弗敢加也(动词，虚报))
⑥师可以为师矣(老师)(齐师伐我(军队))
⑦伐伐薪烧炭南山中(砍伐)(齐师伐我(攻打))
古今异义
①又何间焉间今义：隔开，不连接(古义：参与)
②肉食者鄙鄙今义：卑鄙，道德品质恶劣(古义：鄙陋，目光短浅)
③忠之属也忠今义：忠诚(古义：尽力做好分内的事)
④小大之狱狱今义：监狱(古义：案件)
⑤必以情情今义：感情(古义：实情)
⑥衣食所安安今义：安全(古义：有“养”的意思)
⑦牺牲玉帛
牺牲某种利益(今义：为正义事业舍弃生命，引申为舍弃)
⑧可以一战可以今义：表示许可、可能(古义：可以凭借)
⑨再而衰再今义：指表示将要重复的动作(古义：第二次)
⑩弗敢加也加今义：增加(古义：虚报)
虽不能察虽今义：虽然(古义：即使)
词类活用
①神弗福也(名词作动词，赐福，保佑)
②公将鼓之(名词作动词，击鼓)
出师表
重点词语解释
①先帝创业未半而中道崩殂(死亡)
②此诚危急存亡之秋也(时候)
③诚宜开张圣听(开扩，扩张)
④以光先帝遗德(发扬光大)
⑤不宜妄自菲薄(轻视)
⑥陟罚臧否，不宜异同(好;应该)
⑦躬耕于南阳(亲自，自身)
⑧先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈(低微鄙陋;屈尊就卑)
⑨夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效(朝夕，日夜;效果)
⑩深入不毛(指地面所生长的草木)
临表涕零(落泪)
通假字
①必能裨补阙漏(“阙”通“缺”，缺点)
②尔来二十有一年矣(“有”通“又”，表示整数再加上零数)
一词多义
①遗是以先帝简拔以遗陛下(wèi，动词，给予)(以光先帝遗德(yí，形容词，遗留的))
②论每与臣论此事(动词，谈论)(宜付有司论其刑赏(动词，评定))
③效不效，则治臣之罪(动词，有效，成效)(机会))
④行然后施行(xínɡ，动词，做，执行)(必能使行阵和睦(hánɡ，行列，文中指军队))
⑤以愚以为宫中之事(认为)(以塞忠谏之路也(以致))
⑥道咨诹善道(办法)(中道崩殂(道路))
⑦为若有作奸犯科及为忠善者(做)(俱为一体(是))
⑧于兴复汉室，还于旧都(到)(未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也(对))
古今异义
①开张圣听开张今义：商店开业(古义：开扩，扩张)
②叹息痛恨痛恨今义：极端憎恨或悔恨(古义：痛心和遗憾)
③先帝不以臣卑鄙
卑鄙今义：言行恶劣，不道德(古义：低微鄙陋)
④由是感激今义：因对方的行为或帮助而产生好感(古义：感动)
⑤此诚危急存亡之秋也秋今义：秋季(古义：时)
⑥臣本布衣布衣今义：布的衣服(古义：平民百姓)
⑦临表涕零涕今义：鼻涕(古义：眼泪)
词类活用
①北定中原(名词作状语，向北)
②攘除奸凶(形容词作名词，奸邪凶恶的人)
③则责攸之、祎、允等之慢(形容词作动词，怠慢，懈怠)
④以光先帝遗德(形容词的使动用法，使……光大)
⑤此皆良实(形容词作名词，善良诚实的人)
⑥优劣得所(形容词作名词，才能高的人和才能低的人)
⑦亲贤臣，远小人(形容词作动词，亲，亲近。远，疏远
河中石兽
2021中考文言文：《河中石兽》重点字词解释，希望对同学们有所帮助，仅供参考。
一、重点字词解释
临：靠近。
河干：河岸。
圮：倒塌。
于：到。
并：一起。
焉：相当于“于之”，在那里。
阅：经过，经历。
岁：年。
求：寻找。
竟：终了，最后。
以为：认为。
下：动词，流到下游。
棹：划(船)。
曳：拖。
迹：踪迹。
物理：事物的道理、规律。
是非：这不是。
为：被。
确论：正确的言论。
啮：咬，这里是侵蚀、冲刷的意思。
激：冲。
如是：像这样。
已：停止。
反：反而。
溯流：逆流。
固：本来。
如：按照。
其一：表面现象。
其二：根本道理。
据理：根据某个道理。
臆断：主观地判断。
欤：吗。
二、重点句子翻译
1.尔辈不能究物理。
你们这些人不能探求事物的道理。
2.是非木杮，岂能为暴涨携之去?
这不是木片，怎么能被暴涨的大水带走呢?
3.湮于沙上，渐沉渐深耳。
(石兽)埋没在沙层上，越沉越深罢了。
4.沿河求之，不亦颠乎?
顺着河流(即下游)寻找石兽，不是很疯狂吗?
5.众服为确论。
大家很信服，认为是正确的言论。
6.必于石下迎水处啮沙为坎穴。
一定在石头下面迎水的地方冲击(石前的)沙子，形成坑洞。
7.求之下流，固颠;求之地中，不更颠乎?
到河的下游寻找石兽，本来就疯狂;在原地深处寻找它，不是更疯狂吗?
8.然则天下之事，但知其一，不知其二者多矣，可据理臆断欤?
既然这样，那么天下的事，只知道表面现象，不知道其中根本道理的有很多啊，难道可以根据某个道理就主观判断吗?
三、课文分析
1.比较三人各自的性格特征。
寺僧：“阅十余岁”“募金重修”“求二石兽于水中”，说明寺僧毅力坚定而经验不足。
讲学家：一知半解而好为人师，自视清高而骄傲自满，轻视他人。
老河兵：有实际经验，沾沾自喜。
2.为什么老河兵的方法是对的，而寺僧与讲学家都错了呢?
寺僧：只考虑了流水，没有考虑石兽、泥沙的关系。
讲学家：考虑了石兽和泥沙的关系，忽略了流水。
老河兵：既有理论又有实践，把握了三者的性质及相互关系。
3.这个故事说明了一个什么道理?
告诉人们凡事要全面具体分析，不可主观臆断。
原句：然则天下之事，但知其一，不知其二者多矣，可据理臆断欤?
解释：许多自然现象的发生往往有着复杂的原因，我们不能只知其一，不知其二，不能仅仅根据自己的一知半解作出推想，而要根据实践情况作出判断。
4.试分析讲学家与老河兵“笑”的含义。
讲学家的“笑”，是嘲笑“顺流而下”去寻找石兽的做法，说明讲学家自以为是，空有理论，是可笑的。
老河兵的“笑”，是嘲笑讲学家的认识错误，众人糊涂，轻信讲学家的说法，说明老河兵阅历深广，有实践经验。
5.老河兵比讲学家高明的原因是什么?
根据实践经验，联系水流、泥沙与石兽三者关系综合判断，得出结论。
湖心亭看雪
重点词语解释
①是日更定矣(这;初更以后，晚上八点左右)
②余拏一小舟，拥毳衣炉火(撑;用毛皮制成的衣服)
③雾凇沆砀(白气弥漫的样子)
④湖中焉得更有此人(哪能;还)
⑤余强饮三大白而别(尽力;酒杯)
⑥上下一白(全白)
⑦及下船(等到)
⑧与余舟一芥(小草)
⑨客此(客居)
⑩舟子喃喃曰(船夫)
一词多义
①是问其姓氏，是金陵人(判断动词，是)(是日更定矣(这))
②更湖中焉得更有此人(还)(约两小时))
③一上下一白(全)(余拏一小舟(一只))
④白余强饮三大白而别(酒杯)(上下一白(白色))
⑤焉可远观而不可亵玩焉(语气助词，“啊”)(湖中焉得更有此人(疑问代词，哪里))
⑥别明月别枝惊鹊(另外的)(余强饮三大白而别(告别))
古今异义
①余强饮三大白而别
余今义：剩下的(古义：我)强今义：勉强(古义：竭力，尽力)
白今义：颜色，与“黑”相对(古义：古人罚酒用的酒杯，文中指酒杯)
词类活用
①大雪三日(名词作动词，下大雪)
②是金陵人，客此(名词作动词，客居)
③与余舟一芥(名词作状语，像小草一样)
④上下一白(数词作副词，全，都)
陋室铭
2021中考文言文：《陋室铭》重点字词解释，希望对同学们有所帮助，仅供参考。
一、重点字词
名：出名，有名。
斯：这。
是：判断动词。
惟：只。
德馨：品德高尚。馨，能散布很远的香气，这里指德行美好。
上：长上。
入：映入。
鸿儒：博学的人。鸿，大。
白丁：平民，指没有功名的人。
调：调弄。
素：不加装饰的。
乱：使……乱，扰乱。
案牍：指官府文书。
劳形：使……劳神伤身。形，形体、躯体。。
二、重点句子翻译
1.斯是陋室，惟吾德馨。
这是简陋的屋舍，只因我(住屋的人)的品德好(就不感到简陋了)。
2.苔痕上阶绿，草色入帘青。
苔痕长到阶上，使台阶都绿了;草色映入竹帘，使室内染上了青色。
3.谈笑有鸿儒，往来无白丁。
谈笑、来往的都是博学的人，没有无功名的人。
4.可以调素琴，阅金经。
(在这里)可以弹奏不加装饰的琴，浏览(珍贵的)佛经。
5.无丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳形。
没有世俗的乐曲扰乱心境，没有官府公文劳神伤身。
6.南阳诸葛庐，西蜀子云亭。
诸葛亮隐居南阳住的草庐，扬子云在西蜀的屋舍。
7.孔子云：何陋之有?
孔子说：“有什么简陋的呢?”
三、课文分析
1.通过对陋室的描写，表达了室主人怎样的节操和情趣?
表达了室主人高洁傲岸的节操和安贫乐道的情趣。
2.文章前四句用了怎样的写作手法?这样写的目的何在?
类比的写作手法。__引出“斯是陋室”，而立意于“惟吾德馨”，表明“陋室”也具有“名”与“灵”的性质。
3.“南阳诸葛庐，西蜀子云亭”一句运用了怎样的写作手法?为什么要这样写?
运用类比的写作手法。__用古名贤之室类比自己的“陋室”，表明作者以古名贤自况，表明自己也有古名贤的志趣和抱负。
4.文章以孔子的话结尾，用意何在?
这是全文的画龙点睛之笔，引用孔子的话论证“有德者居之，则陋室不陋”，突出了“惟吾德馨”这一主题。
5.刘禹锡自比诸葛亮和扬雄，他们之间的共同点是什么?
都具有安贫乐道、淡泊名利的君子之风，高雅脱俗而才华横溢。
送东阳马生序(节选)
重点词语解释
①余幼时即嗜学(爱好)
②无从致书以观(没有办法;取得，文中指买到)
③每假借于藏书之家(借)
④弗之怠(懈怠)
⑤既加冠(古代男子二十岁要行加冠礼，表示进入成年)
⑥从乡之先达执经叩问(有德行学问的前辈)
⑦门人弟子填其室(塞满，充满)
⑧未尝稍降辞色(缓和;言语和脸色)
⑨援疑质理(引，提出;询问)
⑩俯身倾耳以请(询问，请教)
礼愈至，不敢出一言以复(周到;回答)
负箧曳屣(书箱;鞋子)
穷冬烈风(隆冬，深冬)
媵人持汤沃灌(浇洗)
寓逆旅，主人日再食(旅店;两次)
同舍生皆被绮绣(通“披”，穿)
腰白玉之环(腰上系着)
右备容臭，烨然若神人(香囊;光彩照人的样子)
不知口体之奉不若人也(供养)
通假字
①四支僵劲不能动(“支”通“肢”，肢体)
②同舍生皆被绮绣(“被”通“披”，穿)
一词多义
①至至舍(动词，到达)(礼愈至(形容词，周到))
②和言和而色夷(谦和)(久而乃和(缓解、缓和))
③患无冻馁之患矣(忧患)(又患无硕师名人与游(担忧))
④以以中有足乐者(连词，因为)(以衾拥覆(介词，用))
⑤再一鼓作气，再而衰(第二次)(日再食(两次))
⑥故广故数言欲亡(故意)(故余虽愚(因此))
⑦慕略无慕艳意(羡慕)(益慕圣贤之道(仰慕))
⑧之弗之怠(否定句中代词作宾语前置，指抄书)(盖余之勤且艰若此(不译))
⑨其缊袍敝衣处其间(代词，代同舍生)(门人弟子填其室(代词，代乡之先达的))
古今异义
①媵人持汤沃灌汤今义：汤水(古义：热水)
②走送之走今义：行走，走路(古义：跑)
③穷冬烈风穷今义：贫穷，穷尽(古义：深)
④尝趋百里外趋今义：趋势(古义：奔赴)
⑤主人日再食再今义：又(古义：两次)
⑥以是人多以书假余假今义：与“真”相对(古义：借)
⑦卒获有所闻卒今义：兵;完毕(古义：终于)
⑧右备容臭臭今义：臭气，气味难闻(古义：香气)
⑨门人弟子填其室填今义：填满，填充(古义：挤满)
词类活用
①腰白玉之环(名词作动词，腰上系着)
②手自笔录(名词作动词，动手;名词作状语，用笔)
③戴朱缨宝饰之帽(名词作状语，用红缨，用珠宝)
④余则缊袍敝衣处其间(名词作动词，穿着旧棉袄、破衣服)
⑤录毕，走送之(动词作状语，跑着)
⑥主人日再食(名词作状语，每天)
唐雎不辱使命
重点词语解释
①寡人欲以五百里之地易安陵(交换)
②安陵君其许寡人(用来加重语气的助词，不译)
③大王加惠(给予)
④以大易小(交换)
⑤故不错意也(置意)
⑥请广于君(扩充)
⑦轻寡人与(疑问语气助词)
⑧岂直五百里哉(只，仅仅)
⑨秦王怫然怒(盛怒的样子)
⑩布衣之怒(平民)
以头抢地耳(撞)
此庸夫之怒也(平庸无能的人)
非士之怒也(文中指有才能、有胆识的人)
休祲降于天(吉祥;不祥)
天下缟素(白色的丝织品，文中指穿丧服)
秦王色挠(屈服)
长跪而谢之曰(道歉)
寡人谕矣(明白，懂得)
通假字
①故不错意也(“错”通“措”，安置)
②秦王不说(“说”通“悦”，高兴)
③仓鹰击于殿上(“仓”通“苍”)
④轻寡人与(“与”通“欤”，疑问语气助词)
一词多义
①徒徒以有先生也(仅仅，只)(亦免冠徒跣(光着))
②使派遣。第二个“使”，出使)(安陵君因使唐雎使于秦(第一个“使”，)
③以徒以有先生也(因为)(以君为长者(以……为，把……当作))
④之立性)(天子之怒(放在主谓之间，取消句子的独)
⑤怒天子之怒(发怒)(怀怒未发(愤怒))
⑥于使唐雎使于秦(到)(请广于君(给))
古今异义
①秦王使人谓安陵君使今义：让(古义：派遣)
②虽然，受地于先王
虽然今义：作转折连词，常与“但是”配套使用(样、如此)
③休祲降于天休今义：常用为休息(古义：吉祥)
④寡人欲以五百里之地易安陵易今义：容易(古义：交换)
⑤非若是也是今义：表判断的动词(古义：这样)
⑥徒以有先生也徒今义：徒弟(古义：只，仅仅)
词类活用
①亦免冠徒跣(动词的使动用法，使……免，脱去;使……徒，光着)
②天下缟素(名词作动词，穿丧服)
③伏尸百万，流血千里(动词的使动用法，使……伏;使……流)
④且秦灭韩亡魏(动词的使动用法，使……亡，灭亡)
⑤请广于君(形容词作动词，扩大、补充)
⑥轻寡人与(形容词作动词，轻视、看不起)
五柳先生传
2021中考文言文：《五柳先生传》重点字词解释，希望对同学们有所帮助，仅供参考。
一、解释下列加点的词语答案
1、造饮辄尽造：一来
2、箪瓢屡空，宴如也如：若
3、兹若人之俦乎俦：类
4、不戚戚于贫贱戚戚：忧愁
5、先生不知何许人也许：地方
6、每有会意会：领会
7、亲旧知其如此旧：朋友们
二、翻译下列文言句子答案
1、好读书，不求甚解，每有会意，便欣然忘食。(他)喜欢读书，(却)不过分在字句上下功夫;每当对书中意旨有所领会的时候，就高兴得忘了吃饭。
2、衔觞赋诗，以乐其志一边喝酒一边吟诗，为自己的志向而感到快乐。
三、阅读课本，回答下列问题答案
1、五柳先生三大爱好是指什么?表现了他怎样的性格?好读书;性嗜酒;常著文章自娱。平和、旷达的性格。
2、文中哪句话是陶渊明归隐形象的总体勾勒，使一位沉默寡言，淡泊功利的隐世名士飘然而生。闲静少言，不慕荣利。
3、“常著文章自娱，颇示己志，忘怀得失，以此自终。”表现了五柳先生怎么样的性格特点?自得其乐，淡泊名利。
小石潭记
2021中考文言文：《小石潭记》重点字词解释，希望对同学们有所帮助，仅供参考。
一、词语：
1.水尤清冽尤：格外。
2.伐竹取道，下见小潭道：道路。见：出现。
3.为坻，为屿，为嵁坻：水中高地。屿：小岛。嵁：不平的岩石。
4.潭中鱼可百许头可：大约。
5.佁然不动佁然：呆呆的样子。
6.以其境过清，不可久居清：凄清。居：停留。
7.隶而从者隶：跟从。
8.从小丘西行百二十步西：向西。
9.下见小潭下：在下面。
10.日光下澈下：往下。
11.皆若空游无所依空：在空中。
12.斗折蛇行，明灭可见斗：像北斗星一样。蛇：像蛇那样。
13.其岸势犬牙差互犬牙：像狗的牙齿那样。
14.似与游者相乐乐：逗乐。
15.凄神寒骨，悄怆幽邃凄：使-----凄凉。寒：使-----寒冷。
16.记之而去去：离开。
二、句子翻译。
17.从小丘西行百二十步，隔篁竹，闻水声，如鸣佩环，心乐之。从小丘向西行走一百二十步的样子，隔着竹林，就能听到水声，好象挂在身上的玉珮、玉环相互碰撞的声音，心里很是高兴。
18.伐竹取道，下见小潭，水尤清冽。于是砍了竹子，开出一条小路，顺势往下走便可见一个小潭，潭水特别清澈。
19.青树翠蔓，蒙络摇缀，参差披拂。青葱的树木，翠绿的藤蔓，遮盖缠绕，摇动低垂，参差不齐，随风飘动。
20.潭中鱼可百许头，皆若空游无所依。日光下澈，影布石上潭中游鱼约有一百来条，都好象在空中游动，没有什么依靠似的。阳光直射潭底，把鱼的影子映在水底的石面上，呆呆地不动
21.潭西南而望，斗折蛇行，明灭可见。顺着水潭向西南方向望去，溪流象北斗七星那样曲折，又象蛇爬行那样弯曲，或隐或现，都看得清楚。
22.其岸势犬牙差互，不可知其源。溪岸的形势象犬牙般交错参差，无法看到水的源头。
23.四面竹树环合，寂寥无人，凄神寒骨，悄怆幽邃。四周有竹子和树林围绕着，静悄悄的没有人迹，使人感到心境凄凉，寒气彻骨，真是太寂静幽深了。
24.以其境过清，不可久居，乃记之而去。由于这地方过于冷清，不能长时间地停留，于是就把当时的情景记下来便离去了。
三、
25.课文按什么顺序写?游览顺序。
26.课文抓住了小石潭什么特点?幽静。
27.作者对小石潭的整体感受是什么?幽深冷寂，孤苦凄凉。悲哀深沉。
28.本文通过写景，把感情寓于景中。作者善于抓住景物特征，从不同角度描绘小石潭的石、水鱼、树，着意渲染它的寂寞、凄寒、幽怆的气氛，借景抒发了自己有寂寞处境中的悲凉、凄怆的情感。
29.文中的“对比”和“烘托”点拨：①为了突出鱼的生动活泼，把“怡然不动”和“俶尔远逝，往来翕”忽”两种情态加以对比，静动相对，尤显出鱼的活泼。②作者用反衬的手法写鱼在潭中历历可数，使人感到像是“空”“无”，尤使水清之状具有实感。
鱼我所欲也
重点词语解释
①二者不可得兼(同时得到)
②故不为苟得也(苟且)
③故患有所不辟也(祸患，灾难)
④如使人之所欲莫甚于生(假如，假使)
⑤非独贤者有是心也(这样)
⑥贤者能勿丧耳(丢掉)
⑦蹴尔而与之(用脚踢;给予)
⑧乞人不屑也(因轻视而不肯接受)
⑨万钟于我何加焉(有什么益处)
⑩妻妾之奉(侍奉)
是亦不可以已乎(停止，放弃)
此之谓失其本心(天性，天良)
通假字
①故患有所不辟也(“辟”通“避”，躲避)
②万钟则不辩礼义而受之(“辩”通“辨”，辨别)
③所识穷乏者得我与(“得”通“德”，感激;“与”通“欤”，语气助词)
④乡为身死而不受(“乡”通“向”，从前)
一词多义
①为今为宫室之美为之(接受)(今为宫室之美为之(介词，为了))
②得所识穷乏者得我与(通“德”，感激)(二者不可得兼(得到，拥有))
③之件事)(今为所识穷乏者得我而为之(代词，代这)
④而由是则生而有不用也(表转折，却)(呼尔而与之(表修饰，不译))
⑤于万钟于我何加焉(介词，引出陈述的对象，对)(所欲有甚于生者(介词，比))
⑥与呼尔而与之(给予)(所识穷乏者得我与(通“欤”，语气助词))
古今异义
①一豆羹豆今义：豆类的名称(古义：古代一种木制盛食物的器具)
②万钟于我何加焉加今义：增加(古义：指带来好处)
③则凡可以得生者何不用也
可以今义：能够(古义：“可”和“以”两词连用，可以用来)
④使人之所恶莫甚于死者今义：让，派(古义：假使，如果)
⑤是亦不可以已乎是今义：判断动词(古义：这)
词类活用
①所识穷乏者得我与(名词作动词，感激)
②万钟则不辩礼义而受之(名词作动词，合乎礼义)
岳阳楼记
重点词语解释
①谪守(古时官吏降职或远调)
②越明年(及、到)
③政通人和(顺利;和乐)
④百废具兴(荒废的事业;通“俱”，全、都)
⑤乃重修岳阳楼，增其旧制(于是、就;规模)
⑥属予作文以记之(通“嘱”，嘱咐;写文章)
⑦予观夫巴陵胜状(那;好景色)
⑧衔远山，吞长江，浩浩汤汤(衔接;吞纳;水流大而急)
⑨横无际涯(边际)
⑩朝晖夕阴，气象万千(日光)
此则岳阳楼之大观也(景象)
前人之述备矣(详尽)
南极潇湘(尽)
迁客骚人(谪迁的人，指降职远调的人;诗人)
连月不开(放晴)
日星隐曜(光辉)
浊浪排空(冲向天空)
樯倾楫摧(桅杆;桨)
薄暮冥冥(迫近;昏暗的样子)
去国怀乡，忧谗畏讥(国都;谗言)
21(○)至若春和景明(日光)
22(○)沙鸥翔集(鸟停息在树上)
23(○)而或长烟一空(有时;全)
24(○)宠辱偕忘(荣耀;一起)
25(○)静影沉璧(圆形的玉)
26(○)心旷神怡(开阔;愉快)
27(○)把酒临风(持，执)
28(○)嗟夫(唉)
29(○)予尝求古仁人之心(探求;思想感情)
30(○)或异二者之为(心理活动)
31(○)微斯人，吾谁与归(没有)
通假字
①百废具兴(“具”通“俱”，全，都)
②属予作文以记之(“属”通“嘱”，嘱托)
一词多义
①以不以物喜，不以己悲(因为)(属予作文以记之(来))
②或或异二者之为(或许)(而或长烟一空(有时))
③观此则岳阳楼之大观也(景象，风光)(予观夫巴陵胜状(看))
④通然则北通巫峡(通向)(政通人和(顺利))
⑤极感极而悲者矣(到极点)(此乐何极(穷尽))
⑥开开我东阁门(打开)(连月不开(放晴))
⑦一在洞庭一湖(整个)(而或长烟一空(全))
⑧空长烟一空(消散)(浊浪排空(天空))
⑨之此则岳阳楼之大观也(结构助词，的)(属予作文以记之(代词，这件事))
古今异义
①气象万千气象今义：大气的状态和现象(古义：景象，景致)
②微斯人微今义：微小(古义：没有)
③此则岳阳楼之大观也观今义：看(古义：景象)
④越明年明年今义：今年的下一年(古义：第二年)
⑤浊浪排空排空今义：全部去除掉(古义：冲向天空)
⑥予观夫巴陵胜状今义：丈夫，夫人(古义：指示代词，相当于“那”)
⑦至若春和景明景今义：景色(古义：日光)
⑧属予作文以记之作文今义：学生习作(古义：写文章)
⑨增其旧制制今义：制度(古义：规模)
⑩前人之述备矣备今义：准备(古义：详尽)
去国怀乡国今义：国家(古义：国都)
词类活用
①百废具兴(动词作名词，荒废的事业)
②先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐(名词作状语，在……之前;在……之后)
③滕子京谪守巴陵郡(名词作动词，做郡守)
④北通巫峡，南极潇湘(名词作状语，北、南，向北、向南)
邹忌讽齐王纳谏
重点词语解释
①邹忌修八尺有余(长，文中指身高)
②而形貌昳丽(光艳美丽)
③窥镜(照镜子)
④旦日(第二天)
⑤徐公不若君之美也(不如，比不上)
⑥明日徐公来(第二天)
⑦臣诚知不如徐公美(的确，实在)
⑧宫妇左右莫不私王(宫里的嫔妃;侍从)
⑨王之蔽甚矣(受蒙蔽，文中指因受蒙蔽而不明)
⑩能面刺寡人之过者(当面指责)
能谤讥于市朝(议论;公共场合)
闻寡人之耳者(使……听到)
时时而间进(不时，有时候;间或、偶然)
期年之后(满一年)
通假字
孰视之(“孰”通“熟”，仔细)
一词多义
①孰孰视之(通“熟”，仔细)(我孰与城北徐公美(代词，谁))
②私不宜偏私，使内外异法也(名词，私情)(宫妇左右莫不私王(动词，偏爱))
③朝皆朝于齐(动词，朝见)(朝服衣冠，窥镜(名词，早晨))
④于能谤讥于市朝(介词，在)(皆以美于徐公(介词，比))
⑤上上书谏寡人者(动词，呈上)(受上赏(形容词，指品级高的))
⑥之立性)(吾妻之美我者(用在主谓之间，取消句子独)
⑦下受下赏(下等)(乃下令(颁布，下达))
⑧间又何间焉(参与)(时时而间进(间或))
⑨诚帝感其诚(诚心、诚意)(臣诚知不如徐公美(确实，的确))
⑩美徐公不若君之美也(漂亮、好看)(吾妻之美我者(认为……美))
古今异义
①邹忌讽齐王纳谏讽今义：讥讽(古义：委婉劝说)
②邹忌修八尺有余修今义：修理(古义：长，文中指身高)
③宫妇左右莫不私王
左右今义：左面和右面(古义：身边侍候的人，近臣)
私今义：自私(古义：偏爱)
④面刺寡人之过者
刺今义：(尖锐的东西)扎入或穿透(古义：指责)
⑤今齐地方千里
地方今义：某一区域(古义：土地方圆)
⑥明日徐公来明日今义：今天的下一天(古义：第二天)
词类活用
①群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者(名词作状语，当面)
②吾妻之美我者(形容词的意动用法，认为……美)
③臣之妻私臣(形容词作动词，偏爱)
④闻寡人之耳者(动词的使动用法，使……听到)
⑤朝服衣冠(名词作动词，穿戴)
醉翁亭记
重点词语解释
①林壑尤美(山谷)
②望之蔚然而深秀者(茂盛的样子)
③有亭翼然临于泉上者(像鸟张开翅膀一样)
④饮少辄醉(就)
⑤醉翁之意不在酒(情趣)
⑥得之心而寓之酒也(寄托)
⑦若夫日出而林霏开(雾气;散)
⑧云归而岩穴暝(聚拢;昏暗)
⑨野芳发而幽香(香花;开放)
⑩佳木秀而繁阴(茂盛、繁茂;绿荫)
伛偻提携(文中指老人、小孩)
泉香而酒洌(清澈)
山肴野蔌(菜蔬)
杂然而前陈者(交错的样子;摆开)
非丝非竹(弦乐器;管乐器)
弈者胜(下棋)
觥筹交错(酒杯;酒筹)
已而夕阳在山(不久)
树林阴翳(遮盖)
一词多义
①而
②秀佳木秀而繁阴(茂盛)(望之蔚然而深秀者(秀丽))
③归太守归而宾客从也(回去)(云归而岩穴暝(聚拢))
④谓太守谓谁(是)(太守自谓也(称))
⑤乐游人去而禽鸟乐也(形容词，欢乐)(而不知太守之乐其乐也(动词，以……为乐))
⑥临有亭翼然临于泉上者(靠近)(临溪而渔(到))
⑦名卷卷有爷名(名字)(名之者谁(给……命名))
⑧得卖炭得钱何所营(得到)(余因得遍观群书(能够))
⑨高风霜高洁(高爽)(而年又最高(大))
⑩开开我东阁门(打开)(若夫日出而林霏开(消散))
?其醉能同其乐(人们)(太守之乐其乐也(他们的))
古今异义
①颓然乎其间者颓然今义：精神不振的样子(古义：醉醺醺的样子)
②醉翁之意不在酒意今义：意思或愿望(古义：情趣)
③射者中射今义：用推力送出或受到压力挤出(古义：投壶)
词类活用
①而不知太守之乐其乐也(形容词的意动用法，以……为快乐)
②山行六七里(名词作状语，顺着山路)
③名之者谁(名词作动词，命名)
④杂然而前陈者(方位名词作状语，在前面)
⑤故自号曰醉翁也(名词作动词，取别号)
⑥有亭翼然临于泉上者(名词作状语，像鸟张开翅膀)
什么是“法不溯及既往”？
法不溯及既往，是指法律颁布后，对它生效以前的行为是否适用，适用，该法律就有溯及既往的效力，如果不适用，该法律就没有溯及既往的效力。法不溯及既往原则，意为任何法律规则不得适用于其生效之前的行为，是得到世界各国普遍承认的一项一般法律原则。
法律为何要规定法不溯及既往的原则？法律还没有公布，就没有法律效力。若承认溯及既往，这种法律是"最无耻的和最令人反感的法律"。法律遵守，必须以法律公布并被老百姓知晓为前提。一项法律一直保留在立法者的肚子里，而没有向外公示天下，那么这个法律就永远不能成为真正的法律。老百姓只要依据法律行事，这种信赖是正当的，因信赖法律作出的行为，应当予以保护，不应因法律的变更而失去保护，新的法律不能剥夺老百姓基于原有法律而产生的正当信赖。
醉驾入刑，是2011年5月1日开始实施，醉驾此前并不构成犯罪。若李某在2011年4月1日醉驾，2011年6月1日被交警发现，是否以危险驾驶罪追究？若法院判决李某构成危险驾驶罪，就是用新实施的法律追究法律实施前的违法行为，是法律溯及既往。相反，法院判决李某无罪，则是适用法不溯及既往的法律原则。依据这个法不溯及既往的法律原则，李某应该无罪。
2019新人教版必修1-3选修1-4语境记单词
2019新人教版必修1-3选修1-4语境记单词
必修第一册语境记单词
WELCOME UNIT
1 In order to exchange ideas，our school has organised a lecture to be held on campus. If you want to attend the lecture，you need to register your personal information by filling in the formal registration form which is specially designed by our designer. You need to fill in your name，sex（male or female），age and nationality. Exchange students are also welcome，but they must state which nation they come from.
2 Bob graduated from junior high school，and now he is a senior high school student. This guy has become my best partner. He is always anxious to explore new things. He has an outgoing personality and is curious to make a good impression on everyone. He is a very confident student and will never be frightened by difficulties. I am really impressed with his confidence. In class，he concentrates on listening to the teacher. Sometimes，he makes you feel awkward and even annoys you. What if he makes you annoyed? I’ll have to leave him alone at last.
3 My partner Carl likes to take notes on flash cards and is curious to improve his spoken English. He has an outgoing personality，looking forward to organising a spoken English contest. However，he believes that he should revise his learning strategy and life style. His goal is to get a good job in a company or organisation.
UNIT 1 TEENAGE LIFE
1 Teenage life is rich and colourful. Some teenagers prefer to do volunteer work，while others prefer extra-curricular activities. Their content is to organise debates，study ballet movements，clean up the greenhouses， and so on. But more people sign up for advanced courses suitable for their taste. Actually，I prefer literature to all these.
2 Actually，youth life is also full of opportunities and challenges. As freshmen，there are some problems that confuse us，that is， we are confused by some confusing problems. We go to college after graduating from senior high school. We must quit some bad habits and adapt to the new school life. There are more extra-curricular activities in university for us to sign up for. We have the responsibility to become useful talents for the country and should be responsible for mankind. With the advance of society， we should learn advanced scientific knowledge and speak fluent foreign languages. According to the schedule，we are going to study Chinese literature this term. I’ve written to an editor for help. He recommends that we should choose a good research topic and a paper title. Obviously，he will provide us with a good solution.
3 Youth life is filled with adventure. Young people feel that there is a generation gap between themselves and adults. They are attracted to new things，and addicted to the Internet. Their behaviours are quite different from those of adults. They focus on the modern lifestyle. Experts recommend that young people not only take risks but also learn survival ways.
UNIT 2 TRAVELLING AROUND
1 Tian Hua is making arrangements for a trip abroad. She is going to visit the Old Castle in Spain. She has applied for a visa. She has also rented some outdoor clothes and packed them. She thinks it is an extremely amazing trip. She will feel amazed whenever she thinks of those amazing tourist spots. Other than the Old Castle in Spain，she will visit the Eiffel Tower in France，Disneyland in the United States，the Amazon rainforest in Brazil and Lake Titicaca in South America. But her destination is the site of the ruins of the Inca Empire in Peru. There she can feel the ancient civilisation of mankind. Tian Hua plans first to hike along the country path， and then travel by any type of transport，and at last take an international flight. She will carry her package，credit cards and a travel brochure with her.
2 Once a tourist who went on a package tour lost contact with his group，which was made up of twelve people. He followed the narrow flat path to the source of a river. He admired the beautiful view so much that he could not take control of himself. He saw some soldiers over there unearthing a tomb. Buried in it was an ancient emperor，who once ruled a powerful empire. The traveller was amazed at the unique architecture designed by ancient architects. Not recognising his way back，he requested a local official to help find accommodation.
3 Once I went on a package tour. The guide explained to us the details of the tour. At his request，we checked in at a hotel and checked out a week later. I paid by credit card. We were attracted to the amazing view in the mountains. There we saw some soldiers unearthing a tomb next to a statue. We were all amazed at the sight. The tour guide introduced to us the local economic development，and at last he commented that tourism had brought great benefits to the economy.
UNIT 3 SPORTS AND FITNESS
1 As an athlete，Richard prefers all kinds of sports，such as soccer， boxing，badminton，skiing，and track and field sports like marathon and jogging. However，he is particularly good at gymnastics. He has won championships in sports events hosted by many countries and cities. He usually comes along with his coach and works out for his fitness in the gym or stadium，sweating a lot. He has made it.
2 The athlete is a legend in the sports world. He has won not only medals for himself，but also honour and glory for his country. He never gives up training even if he is injured. Meeting with failure， he will face it bravely rather than lose heart. Now and then，he feels as if he is about to fall apart，but he holds on to the end. Once， he took part in the gymnastics championship to compete with the world’s gymnastics masters. In spite of his leg injuries，he had the determination to become the champion. Encouraged by his captain， he gathered all his strength and finally made it. No sweet without sweat. He sets a positive example for all the athletes.
3 As an athlete，I’ve faced an audience of millions over the years. When competing with other players，even if I fail，I have a positive attitude to face it rather than lose heart. I have recently gained some weight and I feel under stress. So I go on a diet with determination and try to keep slim and graceful. I know that doing exercise and dieting will make a difference to one’s fitness. I do push-ups every day，and never cut it out. Now and then I go jogging. I think it makes sense to do so. My health has improved a lot compared with the past. In addition，I have always been against cheating in sports，against pretending to fall，and I have tried to avoid errors in matches.
UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS
1 Today，natural disasters，such as floods，droughts，landslides， typhoons，hurricanes，tornados and tsunamis，often strike towns and villages，causing human injuries and deaths or great damage to people’s property. The relatively more dangerous of them is the volcanic eruption. Its great power can damage farms，destroy houses，affecting people’s life greatly. Once，an earthquake of great magnitude occurred. The government immediately organised rescue teams to evacuate people，taking them to shelters. The helicopters delivered all kinds of supplies to them.
2 A big earthquake struck the city and everyone was shocked. Ninety percent of the buildings lay in ruins，metal pipes and water taps cracked，and bricks covered the ground. Many people were trapped or buried in ruins and suffered a great deal. They were in shock. There was neither electricity nor water. It seemed as if the world were at an end. The government immediately organised rescue teams to help the trapped and bury the dead. The PLA also came to their rescue. Thanks to their unified efforts and wisdom， the city began to breathe and revive.
3 Active volcanoes can erupt at any time. Typhoons and hurricanes strike coastal areas now and then，destroying farmlands and cutting off power supplies. The great waves of a tsunami crash against the beach and sweep away crops. Metal pipes and water taps are cracked. At this time，people should not stay in the open air. It is better to have a first aid kit on hand. Relief supplies will be delivered to those who survive. In summary，people should remain calm in an emergency. Experts say the damage effect of a disaster depends on its length.
UNIT 5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD
1 How many billion people speak the UN’s official languages as their native or second language? What’s your attitude towards this? What I refer to is that you should provide more information for reference.
2 This semester，my major course is to study the development of language and the change of its vocabulary. As we know， language is a means of communication and plays an important role in global affairs. No matter what their social system is，language is regarded as a symbol of the ups and downs of a nation. Some languages like Chinese date back to the earliest dynasties，with symbols and characters carved on bones and shells. The change of language is based on a variety of factors. Despite all this，the social system and civilisation are the major factors. In addition，I appreciate Chinese calligraphy and Chinese classics very much， which are also my specific research programs.
3 Tom is a native of England and English is his native language. But he often speaks the local dialect. He knows there are some differences in vocabulary between BrE and AmE. For example，the American English words “subway” “gas” “pants” and “apartment” are “ underground” “petrol” “trousers” and “flat” in British English. Each nation has its own tongue. But in my point of view，the change of language relates to the different social systems. Nowadays，people demand peace，struggle for equal rights and try to bridge the gap between languages. I have a lot more to say about language，but some affairs are beyond description.
必修第一册语境记单词中文版
WELCOME UNIT
1 为了交流思想，我们学校组织了一次讲座，将在校园里举行。如果你想参加讲座，你需要填写我们设计师专门设计的正式 登记表，以注册你的个人信息。你需要填写你的姓名、性别（男性或女性）、年龄和国籍。也欢迎交换生参加 （ 本次讲座），但他们必须说明他们来自哪个 国家。
2 鲍勃初中毕业了，现在是一名高中生。这个小伙子成了我最好的搭档。他总是急于 探索新事物。他性格 开朗，渴望给大家留下好印象。他是一个非常自信的学生，决不会被困难吓倒。他的自信给我留下了深刻的印象。在课堂上，他全神贯注地听老师讲课。有时候，他会让你觉得尴尬，甚至让你很恼火。如果他让你生气了该怎么办？ 最后我只好不理睬他。
3 我的搭档卡尔喜欢在教学卡片上做笔记，渴望提高自己的英语口语。他性格 外向，期待着 组织一次英语口语比赛。不过，他认为他应该改变自己的学习策略和生活方式。他的目标是在公司或机构里找到一份好工作。
UNIT 1 TEENAGE LIFE
1 青少年的生活丰富多彩。一些青少年 喜欢做志愿者工作，而另一些喜欢 课外活动。它们的内容是组织辩论，学习芭蕾舞 动作，清扫 温室，等等。但更多的人报名参加 适合他们口味的高级课程。实际上，比起这些，我更喜欢 文学。
2 事实上，青少年生活也充满了机遇和挑战。作为大一新生，有一些问题困扰着我们，也就是说，我们被一些令人困惑的问题所困扰。我们高中 毕业后上大学。我们必须改掉一些坏习惯，适应新的学校生活。大学里有更多的课外活动让我们报名参加。我们有责任成为国家有用的人才，对人类应该有担当。随着社会的进步，我们应该学习先进的科学知识，讲流利的外语。根据课程安排，我们这学期要学习中国文学。我已写信给编辑寻求帮助。他建议我们应选择一个好的研究主题和论文题目。显然， 他会给我们提供一个好的解决方案。
3 青少年的生活充满了冒险。年轻人觉得自己和成年人之间有代沟。他们喜欢新生事物，沉迷于网络。他们的行为与成年人大不相同。他们特别关注现代生活方式。专家 建议年轻人不仅要冒险，还要学会生存的方法。
UNIT 2 TRAVELLING AROUND
1 田华正在为出国旅行做安排。她要去参观西班牙的古城堡。她已申请 签证。她还租了一些户外衣物并已打包。她认为这是一次非常 棒的旅行。每当她想到那些令人惊叹的旅游景点时，她都会感到惊奇不已。除了 西班牙古城堡 外，她将参观法国的埃菲尔铁塔、美国的迪士尼乐园、巴西的亚马孙雨林和南美的的的喀喀湖。但她的目的地是秘鲁 印加帝国遗址。在那里她可以感受到人类古代文明。田华计划先沿着乡间小路 徒步旅行，然后乘坐任何一种 交通工具，最后乘坐国际航班。她将随身携带包裹、信用卡和一本旅游手册。
2 有一次，一个参与包价旅游的游客和旅行团失去了联系，该旅行团由 12个人组成。他沿着狭窄、 平坦的 小路来到一条河流的源头。他如此欣赏这里美丽的景色，以至于无法控制自己。他看见一些士兵在那边挖掘一座坟墓，里面埋葬着的是一位古代皇帝，他曾经统治过一个强大的 帝国。这位游客对古代建筑师设计的独特 建筑 感到惊奇。由于认不出自己回去的路，他请求当地一位官员帮忙找住处。
3 有一次我跟团旅游。导游给我们讲解了旅游的详情。在他的要求下，我们在一家旅馆登记入住，一周后结账离开。我使用信用卡付账。我们喜爱山上那令人惊叹的 景色。在那里，我们看到一些士兵在一尊雕像旁边挖掘一座坟墓。我们都对这一景象 感到惊奇。导游向我们介绍了当地的经济发展情况，他最后评论说，旅游业给当地经济带来了巨大的效益。
UNIT 3 SPORTS AND FITNESS
1作为一名运动员，理查德更喜欢各种体育运动，如足球、拳击、羽毛球、滑雪和田径运动， 如马拉松和慢跑。然而，他尤其擅长体操。他在许多国家和城市举办的体育赛事中获得了冠军。他通常跟随他的教练去健身房或体育场 锻炼身体，出大量的汗。他已经获得成功了。
2
这位运动员是体育界的传奇人物。他不仅为自己赢得了奖章，也为祖国赢得了荣誉和赞美。即使 受伤，他也从不放弃训练。遇到失败时， 他会勇敢地面对而不是 丧失信心。有时，他觉得自己似乎要崩溃了，但他还是坚持到底。 有一次，他参加了体操 锦标赛，与世界体操高手 竞争。尽管他的腿受了损伤，他还是有决心成为冠军。在队长的鼓励下，他竭尽全部力量，最终获得成功。汗水换来了甜蜜。他为所有运动员 树立了一个 积极的 榜样。
3
作为一名运动员，多年来我面对的观众数以百万计。在与其他选手竞争时，即使失败， 我也以积极的态度去面对，而不是 丧失信心。最近，我的体重有所增加，我感到有压力。所以我决心 节食，尽量保持苗条和优美。我知道运动和节食对一个人的健康 有 影响。我每天都做俯卧撑，从不间断。我有时去慢跑。我认为这样做是有意义的。与过去比较，我的健康状况有了很大的改善。此外，我一直反对在体育运动中作弊，反对假摔，并且我尽量避免在比赛中出现失误。
UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS
1
如今，洪水、旱灾、滑坡、台风、飓风、龙卷风和海啸等自然灾害经常袭击城镇和村庄，造成人员伤亡或给人民财产造成重大损害。其中相对更危险的是火山爆发。它的巨大威力可以破坏农场，毁坏房屋，极大地影响人们的生活。有一次，发生了一次震级很大的地震。政府立即组织救援队疏散民众，将他们送往避难所。直升机给他们运送各种物资。
2
一场大地震袭击了这座城市，人人都感到震惊。百分之九十的建筑物被夷为平地，金属 管道和水龙头 破裂，砖块覆盖着地面。许多人被困或被埋在废墟中，遭受了巨大的痛苦，他们处于极度震惊状态。既没有电，也没有水，世界似乎已经到了尽头。政府立即组织救援队帮助被困人员，掩埋死者。人民解放军也前来救援。多亏了他们的共同 努力和智慧，这个城市开始呼吸和复苏了。
3
活火山随时可能喷发。台风和飓风不时袭击沿海地区，毁坏农田，切断电力 供应。海啸的巨浪 冲击着海滩，席卷庄稼。金属 管道和水龙头 破裂。此时，人们不应该待在户外。最好手边有一个急救箱。救援物资将被送到 幸存者手中。总之，在紧急情况下人们应该保持冷静。专家说，灾难的破坏 效果取决于它持续的长度。
UNIT 5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD
1
有几十亿人把联合国的官方语言作为他们的母语或第二语言？你对此持什么看法？我指的是你应该提供更多的信息以供参考。
2
这学期，我的主修课是研究语言的发展和其词汇的变化。众所周知，语言是一种交际工具， 在全球 事务中发挥着重要的作用。不管其社会制度是什么，语言都被视为一个民族兴衰的象征。有些语言，如汉语，可以追溯到最早的朝代，在骨头和壳上刻画 符号和文字。语言的变化是基于 多种 因素的。尽管如此，社会制度和文明是其变化的主要 因素。此外，我非常欣赏中国书法和中国名著，这些也是我的具体的研究项目。
3
汤姆是英国本地人，英语是他的母语。但他经常说当地方言。他知道，英式英语和美式英语在词汇方面有一些差异。例如，美式英语的单词subway，gas，pants 和 apartment 对应英式英语中的underground，petrol，trousers 和flat。每个民族都有自己的语言。但在我看来，语言的变化与不同的社会制度 有关。如今，人们要求和平，争取 平等权利，努力弥合语言之间的鸿沟。关于语言我还有许多话要说，但有些事情却难以言表。
必修第二册·人教版·语境记单词
UNIT 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE
1 In order to promote tourism in this area and keep balance between development and protection，the Cultural Heritage Protection Committee has established a special department. The department aims to investigate the condition of local cultural relics，make proposals to the committee，and conduct protection activities，making sure that all the cultural relics are well preserved. They attempt to raise funds and call for contributions to the protection of cultural heritage. With major issues，they are likely to turn to local governments for help. To prevent the loss of cultural relics，every one of us should take part in the preservation activities. For example，there is a temple on the mount，which shows the creative design of ancient people. We must prevent it from disappearing. If possible，we can donate money to the committee. Where there are cultural relics，construction must be limited and give way to them. We make a protest against any conduct of destroying cultural relics and can’t forgive it. It is worthwhile for us to do so. It is believed that great changes will take place within a few years.
2 My friend is a professional archaeologist. He often downloads some applications and documents about cultural relics from websites. He was sent overseas to work a few years ago. He studied the pyramids in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Using digital technology，he looked closely at the entrance，exit and roof of the Great Pyramid and finally formed an image of the construction process. Later，he visited some famous historic sites all over the world and further studied the local traditions and customs there. Then he went to a famous mountain to research ancient caves. There are many dragons carved on the cave walls. These sculptures are of good quality and remain there forever throughout the human history. According to various clues and after making comparisons and contrasts，he identified that these caves could date back to the Tang Dynasty. In his opinion，cultural relics must be well preserved. He often quotes this famous saying that history is like a mirror.
UNIT 2 WILDLIFE PROTECTION
1 There is a poster in the nature reserve that says：“The authorities demand that all illegal hunting should be stopped immediately to protect the species that are endangered. ”Recently，some hunters have been illegally hunting wild animals，leading to a mass extinction of them，and their habitats have been threatened，too. According to WWF，an average of 150-200 species become extinct every day in the world. Some wild animals are dying out at a very fast rate. This is an alarming number. Many people are aware of the problem and are concerned about the endangered wildlife. Some countries have taken effective measures to protect these creatures. Why on earth do the hunters shoot these animals? Some intend to sell them as goods to make a profit，others to make a living. For example，antelopes are hunted for their skin and fur. But，to our delight，we have made great progress in wildlife protection.
2 In recent years，creatures such as whales，sharks，dolphins，deer，kangaroos and Tibetan antelopes have faced a threat and it’s difficult for them to exist. Now their numbers are reducing due to too much hunting. As a result，they have to search for new habitats and try to adapt to new environments. This problem has concerned people very much，and stirred up emotions of alarm. At present，many volunteers join in the protection of wild animals. In the habitats they observe the daily activities of wild animals and watch them over day and night. They remove traps and nets placed by hunters to protect these animals and insects like butterflies from attack. In addition，these volunteers help to recover the lost animals. They remind people in the neighbourhood of the importance of harmony between man and nature.
UNIT 3 THE INTERNET
1 Tom is a well-known blogger who often writes blog posts on his blog. He likes to use search engines to find information he needs. He also likes to watch movies streaming online. When chatting with others，he uses different identities and avatars. He has access to free Wi-Fi，which is very convenient for him to download software from the network. His database and file are updated once a week. Surfing the Internet has indeed brought him great benefits. It seems that the computer keeps him company all day. Once he went to a conference held in his province. He didn’t bring any cash with him plus he lost his identity card. So he paid online.
2 This is a new type of tracker with many functions. Put in the battery，press the button and you can keep track of the person in the distance. By using it，you can confirm where someone is. This is our account. We can give you a discount if you click on our website and buy online.
Inspired by real life，an author wrote a book Guidelines and Tips for Residents’ Lives. He had once met with an embarrassing case，which made him very upset and go through a tough time. Because he was not familiar with online shopping，he bought a false product. The tracker was useless and even made fun of him. Another time someone put a particular tracker under his car，and he became the target of theft. Now，the author keeps it in mind now that he has gone through so many things.
UNIT 4 HISTORY AND TRADITIONS
1 The city of Qufu in Shandong Province is the hometown of Confucius，founder of the Confucian school of philosophy. There are many cultural sites，among which the most famous are the Mansion，the Temple and the Cemetery of Confucius.
Confucius belonged to the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn period. By the time of the Warring States period，there were seven chief kingdoms left. Sometimes，they were joined to each other because the power of an individual kingdom was too small，and sometimes they broke away from each other. During this period，the kingdoms went through a number of battles，including military offensive as well as military defence. Finally，the State of Qin conquered the other six kingdoms and united the country. After that，the Qin Dynasty established a new legal system and a unified currency. Evidence shows that the Qin Dynasty made great achievements in many aspects. Why the Qin Dynasty was strong is no longer a puzzle.
2 An exhibition of paintings will be held in a county in Wales. The man in charge of the gallery announces there will be generous landscape paintings on show，and that only a small amount of money will be charged for the exhibition to ensure its success. A painting about the customs of the countryside will be displayed. There is a pub in the courtyard of a farmhouse. It offers a variety of drinks and snacks，such as wine，beer and hamburgers with butter and honey. A waiter is greeting guests with a smile. A poet is surrounded by a crowd，eager to listen to his speech. A herd of cattle are grazing nearby. It’s a fascinating scene，isn’t it? The best approach to visiting is to keep your eyes open and see the painting from different positions without missing any details.
UNIT 5 MUSIC
1 I fall in love with classical music because it is good for the soul and enables me to be full of energy. I’ve always wanted to set up a studio，or a band，or a virtual choir to prove my musical talent. Once，the opportunity finally came. My band played my original composition on the stage. The performers performed very well and their performance was a great success. Thus，we were awarded. As a composer and conductor，I felt very proud when I jumped onto the stage to receive the award. Nowadays，my ordinary life has changed altogether. Everyone thinks this is a good phenomenon.
2 My friend，a famous piano player，has shown her musical talent since childhood. She is capable of playing various songs on the piano. Her aim is to release her own album. Moreover，she even wants to perform on the international music stage. She set up some music equipment for herself，and tried out for the music competition of the whole province. She experienced a romantic life. In addition，she was once unemployed，which had a great impact on her previous life. She was so absorbed in music that somehow she had a serious disease last year，and from then on her head often ached. Thus she had to get treatment in the hospital. The treatment provided relief from the ache，but couldn’t cure the disease for the time being. I sincerely hope she will get through this difficult time.
11为了促进该地区的旅游业、保持开发与保护之间的平衡，文化遗产保护委员会 设立了一个专门的部门。该部门旨在调查研究当地的文物状况，向委员会提出建议，并组织保护活动，确保所有文物都得到良好的保护。他们试图筹集资金，呼吁（人们）为保护文化遗产做出贡献。对于重大问题，他们可能会向地方政府寻求帮助。为了防止文物流失，我们每个人都应该参加保护活动。例如，山上有一座寺庙，它展示了古人的创造性设计，我们必须防止它消失。如果可能的话，我们可以给委员会捐款。在有文物的地方，建设必须受到限制，必须给文物让路。我们对任何破坏文物的行为提出抗议，且不能原谅。我们这样做是值得的。相信几年内将会发生巨大的变化。
12我朋友是一位专业的 考古学家。他经常从网站上下载一些关于文物的应用程序和文件。几年前他被派往海外工作。他研究了阿拉伯埃及共和国的金字塔。利用数字技术，他仔细观察了大金字塔的入口、出口和顶部，最后形成了一幅建造过程的图像。后来，他参观了世界各地的一些著名历史古迹，进一步研究了当地的传统和风俗。然后他去了一座名山，研究古代洞穴。洞壁上雕刻着许多龙，这些雕刻质量上乘，在整个人类历史中永远保存在那里。根据各种线索，经过比较和对比后，他确认这些洞穴可以追溯到唐代。在他看来，文物必须得到很好的保护。他经常引用这句名言：历史就像一面镜子。
21自然保护区的海报上写道：“当局要求立即停止所有非法 狩猎，以保护濒危 物种。”最近，一些猎人 非法 猎杀野生动物，导致野生动物的大规模 灭绝，它们的栖息地也受到了威胁。根据世界自然基金会的数据，世界上平均每天有150-200种物种 灭绝。一些野生动物正以非常快的速度 消失。这是一个惊人的数字。许多人都意识到了这个问题，并为 濒临灭绝的野生生物担忧。一些国家已经采取了有效的 措施来保护这些生物。猎人 究竟为什么要射杀这些动物呢？有些人打算把它们作为商品出售来获得利润，有些人是为了谋生。例如，捕猎 羚羊是为了获取它们的皮 毛。但令我们高兴的是，我们在野生生物保护方面取得了很大的进步。
22近年来，鲸、鲨鱼、海豚、鹿、袋鼠、藏羚羊等动物已面临威胁，生存困难。由于过度捕猎，现在它们的数量正在减少。因此，它们必须寻找新的栖息地，并努力适应新的环境。这一问题让人们非常担忧，并引发了恐慌 情绪。目前，许多志愿者加入了保护野生动物的行列。在栖息地，他们观察野生动物的日常活动，并日夜 照看它们。他们拆除 猎人放置的陷阱和网，以保护这些动物和像蝴蝶这样的昆虫免受攻击。此外，这些志愿者帮助找回丢失的动物。他们提醒 邻近地方的人们人与自然和谐的重要性。
31汤姆是一位著名的博主，经常在博客上写博文。他喜欢使用搜索引擎来查找他需要的信息。他还喜欢观看在线电影。与他人聊天时，他使用不同的身份和头像。他使用免费的Wi-Fi，这对他从网络上下载 软件非常方便。他的数据库和文件每周都要更新一次。网上冲浪的确给他带来了很大的好处，电脑似乎整天都在陪伴着他。有一次，他去参加一个在他的省里举行的会议。他身上没带任何现金，而且又丢了身份证。所以他就在网上付款。
这是一种具有多种功能的新型跟踪器。把电池放进去，按下 按钮，你就可以跟踪 远处的人了。用它你就可以确认某人在哪里。这是我们的账户。如果你点击我们的网站并在网上购买，我们可以给你折扣。
32受到现实生活的启发，一位作家写了一本书《居民生活指南和窍门》。他曾经遇到过一个尴尬的 情况，这让他非常苦恼，度过了一段艰难的日子。因为不熟悉网上购物，他买了一件假货。这个跟踪器毫无用处，甚至戏弄了他。还有一次，有人在他的车下安装了一个特殊的跟踪器，结果他成了盗窃的目标。现在，作者对此牢记于心，因为他经历了这么多的事情。
山东省曲阜市是孔子的故乡，孔子是儒家哲学学派的创始人。那里有许多文化遗址，其中最著名的是孔府、孔庙和孔林。
41孔子属于春秋时期的鲁国。到了战国时期，还剩下七个主要 诸侯国。有时候它们联合在一起，因为一个诸侯国的力量太小，有时候又彼此分离。这一时期，诸侯国之间经历了许多次战争，包括军事进攻和军事防御。最后，秦国征服了其他六国，统一了国家。那之后，秦朝建立了新的法律制度和统一的货币。有证据表明，秦朝在许多方面都取得了巨大的成就。秦朝为何强大已不再是一个谜。
42一场画展将在威尔士的一个郡里举行。画廊 负责人宣布将会有丰富的 山水画展出，只收取少量的费用以保证展览的成功。一幅乡村风俗画即将展出。农舍的庭院里有一家酒馆，提供各种酒和小吃，如葡萄酒、啤酒和涂抹了黄油和蜂蜜的汉堡包。一名侍者正在微笑着迎接客人。诗人被一群人 包围着，他们渴望聆听他的演讲。一群牛正在附近吃草。这是一个迷人的场景，不是吗？参观的最好方法是留心，从不同的角度看这幅画，不要遗漏任何细节。
51我爱上 古典音乐，因为它陶冶心灵，使我充满活力。我一直想成立一个工作室，或者一个乐队，或者一个虚拟合唱团，以证明我的音乐才能。有一次，机会终于来了。我的乐队在舞台上演奏了我的原创 乐曲。表演者们 表演得很好，他们的表演非常成功。因此，我们获奖了。作为作曲者和指挥者，当我登上 台领奖时，我感到非常自豪。如今，我普通的生活完全改变了。大家都认为这是一个好现象。
52我的朋友是一位著名的钢琴演奏家，从小就显示出她的音乐天赋。她能在钢琴上弹奏各种各样的歌曲。她的目标是发行自己的专辑。此外，她甚至想在国际音乐舞台上表演。她为自己安装了一些音乐器材，并参加全省音乐选拔赛。她经历过一段浪漫的生活。此外，她曾经失业过，这对她以前的生活有着很大的影响。她对音乐如此着迷，去年不知怎的得了一种严重的疾病，从那时起，她的头经常疼痛。因此她不得不在医院接受治疗。治疗 减轻了疼痛，但暂时不能治愈这种疾病。我真诚地希望她能度过这段艰难的时期。
必修第三册·人教版·语境记单词
U1 FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS
On the Lantern Festival, joyful people wear make-up and dress up in colourful carnival costumes, arching along the streets. Some attend the ceremony, and others visit a lantern fair or guess lantern riddles. People greet and congratulate each other. Congratulations can be heard everywhere. After all, festivals have a wide range of origins. Some come from religions. In other words, their origins are religious. Some festivals are for famous figures and significant events. The harvest festival is an important agricultural festival, full of joy and charm. People are grateful or express their gratitude because all the crops have been gathered. In European countries, people decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, featuring a new look. Today, festivals are becoming commercial, with businesses taking advantage of the celebrations. With the commercialisation, some traditions may fade away. In spite of the fact that festivals are commercialised, some typical festivals still keep their traditions. Christmas is the biggest occasion in the West. People greet each other with“Merry Christmas”. On Christmas Eve, people are pleased to enjoy the roast turkeys, puddings, mashed potatoes and pumpkins.
Last week I attended a wedding ceremony. The new couple are from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The bridegroom is a wrestler who has taken part in the national wrestling competition, and the bride is the archery champion. Both of them have represented the autonomous region in national competitions. They love each other, respect each other and have faith or belief in each other. They have a lot in common. To be frank, they are absolutely well matched. The wedding was held in a tent on the grassland, reflecting a warm atmosphere. The bride showed unique grace in her fancy robe. After the host delivered a brief speech, all the guests clapped their hands. Just at that moment, an eagle flew through the air, giving people a horrible feeling. Except for this, everything went well. After the wedding, the guests began to go off and the new couple set off for home, too. After that, the media reported on the wedding.
U2 MORALS AND VIRTUES
People often talk about morals and what virtue is. But sometimes they may face moral dilemmas. For example, if an old man tripped over a stone or suddenly fainted in the street or was injured in an accident, what would be your first response? Should you assist him to rise or give first aid? Or just stand by? This will illustrate what your moral and life principles are. In Lin Qiaozhi’s eyes, life is precious. When others entrusted her with their lives, it was virtue that carried her through a life of hard choices. She did not choose marriage as the majority of girls did, but chose to study medicine. Therefore, her brother responded against her choice and complained about it, thinking of the high tuition fees. After graduation, Lin Qiaozhi won a scholarship from a union and was hired as a resident physician in a famous hospital. Once she was appointed as a visiting scholar to a clinic in a faraway country. She impressed her colleagues by rejecting a well-paid offer. In the decades after liberation, Lin Qiaozhi was elected as leaders in many important positions and led all the staff to the medical cause of China. She published a great deal of medical research. She did not retire until the day she passed away, 22 April 1983.
There was an earthquake here. The might of the earthquake brought more or less harm to per family. Some people lived in tears, in tension or in despair. Some people had bought disaster insurance with their income savings, while some people tended to accept it. At midnight, the scared and passive people couldn’t go elsewhere but sit in the square of the kindergarten, listening to the chairman tell fables. Mothers whispered with their lips open and their children sleeping on their laps regardless of the mosquito bites. The chairman told a chain of fables as if in memory of a moral person. One of the fables began with a disguised king. He left his court and got into a cart for a visit. He hid behind a maple tree. He saw a customer limp into a café. An energetic waitress came up to greet him. However, he on purpose spilt some dirty water on her and said some sharp and unkind words. The waitress smiled and apologized, but no one knew she was pregnant. The owner of the café was a flexible person, so the operation of the coffee shop was fairly good. The café also imported and exported coffee.
U3 DIVERSE CULTURES
While admitting cultural diversity or diverse cultures, we should explore the historical causes of this phenomenon. Apart from this, we should also understand Chinese ethnic minority cultures. In 1848, the discovery of gold near San Francisco brought about a gold rush. Over 300, 000 people from all over the world crossed the Atlantic and headed to San Francisco to seek their fortune. Some immigrants settled down near downtown, in the Mission District. To earn a living, they opened up shops, bars and restaurants. The climate in San Francisco is mild all year round. Today a large percentage of Chinese-Americans live in Chinatown. There visitors can buy fashionable clothing, souvenirs, boots, jeans, china plates and even Chinese herbal medicine.
A typhoon hit the small town, claiming hundreds of lives. Only a minority of the residents escaped, but the disaster destroyed their homes and caused them financial difficulties. Afterwards a series of things occurred again. Some families took food from home with them, such as spicy chips, cheese, and poisonous mushrooms. These mushrooms contained deadly poison. Some residents folded their neat clothing and other daily items. They put them on their trucks together with construction materials and accessories. They were definitely going to settle down in a new place. The children didn’t forget to bring their journals, diagrams, jazz music boxes, comics and graffiti with them. Apart from these, they selected some super collections which would suit their tastes.
U4 SPACE EXPLORATION
To become an astronaut, you must go through a strict selection procedure. You need a lot of mental, intelligent and physical training. Besides, you should not only know about the universe, the solar system and our globe, but also understand rockets, satellites, spacecrafts, gravity and so on. In closing, astronauts must have a determined will and a strong desire to succeed. After a spacecraft is launched, make sure it goes in the right orbit. An astronaut on board has a lot of missions to carry on. He must be able to complete a spacewalk independently so as to transmit data to the relevant agencies on the earth.
Tom keeps in mind the famous saying “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” So he is keen to explore the mysteries of the universe. Once there was virtual training in space, Tom boarded a vehicle called Jade Rabbit in the hope of exploring the final frontier. On the spacecraft there was a microwave, a smartphone, a pillow, an oxygen bottle, some soap, towels, tissues and other facilities to provide for him. After the spacecraft entered its orbit, the monitor signaled regularly. When he was finishing the ongoing mission, he began to float in the capsule for lack of sufficient training, and his muscles ached too. Fortunately, he was attached tightly to the spacecraft. Otherwise, he would float beyond the spaceship. But he felt disappointed when he found his limited resources were running out. He wanted to figure out if the resources could be recycled. Through analysis, Tom argued that the current fatal error was lack of high-end facilities, which resulted in the failure of space training. As a result, he had to signal for help.
U5 THE VALUE OF MONEY
Is money the basis of a happy life? Should we judge people on the basis of how much money they have? Here’s a scene from the play The Million Pound Bank Note. I love a wide range of plays, including operas and musicals. I once played the role of a dinosaur in a play and received many hugs from the audience. This time I’d like to be a narrator and tell the story in a narration pattern. I am willing to apologise to you if I leave out any plots or elements of the story. Two brothers named Roderick and Oliver made a bet on what would happen if a penniless man was given a million pound bank note. They saw by accident a young man in rags wondering near their house, so they asked the servant to call him in. They thought he was the right sort of man they wanted. The young man had been caught in a storm at sea and spotted by a ship sailing to Britain. As a matter of fact, he was a businessman who worked for a mining company in America. In London he had nowhere to go but to the consulate to ask the ambassador for help, but he failed and didn’t dare to try again. The brothers asked him so many odd questions that he seemed to lose patience. To be honest, he was so hungry indeed and ought to be on his way. Just as he was about to leave, the two brothers stopped him and gave him a large envelope in case he needed it in the future. They asked him to promise to postpone opening it until 2 o’clock.
As the saying goes, money is a good servant and a bad master. It will not bring happiness to pursue money. A sequence of events will indicate to a large extent that money can’t buy happiness. Eventually, no odd intention will come true. Nothing will come in return. One day, Henry saw a sign for a tailor’s shop. He stopped and hesitated to come in. The clerk on duty had the obligation to greet him at once, but instead he frowned, said something in a rude manner, and asked Henry to go downstairs. Beneath the floor was a room for ready-made suits. Almost all clerks ignored him. Later, hearing Henry had a million-pound bank note, the owner of the shop pushed the clerks aside and came over with a broad smile. He had thought Henry belonged to the upper class；therefore he wanted to maintain a good relationship with him. In that case, he provided a wide range of options for Henry to choose from. With his permission, Henry chose one without payment. The owner thought it was normal.
在元宵节, 欢乐的人们化了妆, 穿着五颜六色的嘉年华服装, 沿着街道游行。一些人参加仪式, 还有一些人参观灯会或猜灯谜。人们互相问候和祝贺。到处都能听到祝福的声音。毕竟, 节日有着广泛的起源。有些来自宗教。换句话说, 它们的起源与宗教有关。有些节日是纪念名人和重大事件的。丰收节是一个重要的农业节日, 充满了欢乐和魅力。人们心存感恩或表达感激之情, 因为所有的庄稼都收割了。在欧洲国家, 人们用鲜花和水果装饰教堂和市政厅, 使其焕然一新。如今, 节日正变得商业化, 因为商家利用了庆祝活动。随着商业化的渗透, 一些传统可能会逐渐消失。尽管节日被商业化了, 一些有代表性的节日仍然保留着自己的传统。圣诞节是西方最大的节日。人们互相问候“圣诞快乐”。在平安夜（圣诞节前夕）, 人们很高兴能够享用烤火鸡、布丁、土豆泥和南瓜。
上周我参加了一个婚礼。这对新人来自内蒙古自治区。新郎是参加过全国摔跤比赛的摔跤运动员, 新娘是射箭冠军。他们两人都代表自治区参加过全国性的比赛。他们彼此相爱, 互相尊重, 彼此信任。他们有许多共同之处。坦率地说, 他们绝对是天生的一对。婚礼在草原上的一个帐篷里举行, 显示出一种热烈的气氛。新娘穿着华丽的 礼服, 显得格外优雅。主持人作了简短的讲话后, 所有客人都鼓起掌来。就在那一刻, 一只雕从空中飞过, 给人一丝可怕的感觉。除此之外, 一切顺利。婚礼结束后, 客人们开始离去, 新婚夫妇也动身回家。之后, 媒体对婚礼进行了报道。
人们经常谈论道德和什么是美德。但有时他们可能会面临道德 困境。例如, 如果一个老人被石头绊倒, 或者在街上突然晕倒, 或者在事故中受伤, 你的第一反应是什么？你应该帮助他站起来还是提供急救？还是袖手旁观？这将说明你的道德和生活原则是什么。在林巧稚看来, 生命是宝贵的。当别人把自己的生命托付给她时, 正是美德支撑着她度过了艰难抉择的一生。她没有像大多数女孩那样选择结婚, 而是选择了学医。因此, 她的哥哥对她的选择不以为然, 并为此抱怨, 考虑到学费太高了。毕业后, 林巧稚获得了联合会的奖学金, 并被一家著名医院聘为住院医师。有一次她被派往一个遥远的国家的诊所做访问学者。她拒绝了一份高薪的工作, 给同事们留下了深刻的印象。解放后的几十年里, 林巧稚被选为许多重要职务的领导人, 带领全体职工投身于中国的医疗事业。她发表了大量的医学研究作品。她直到 1983 年 4 月 22 日去世才退休。
这里发生了地震。地震的巨大威力给每个家庭带来了或多或少的伤害。有些人生活在泪水、紧张或绝望之中。有些人用自己的收入积蓄买了灾难保险, 而有些人则倾向于接受。午夜时分, 这些惊恐而被动的人们不能去别的地方, 只能坐在幼儿园的广场上, 听着主持人讲寓言故事。母亲们张着嘴 悄声说话, 孩子们不顾蚊虫叮咬, 躺在她们的腿上睡觉。主持人讲了一连串的寓言故事, 仿佛是为了纪念一个有道德的人。其中一个寓言是从一个乔装打扮的国王开始的。他离开宫廷坐上马车去私访, 他躲在一棵枫树后面。他看见一个顾客一瘸一拐地走进一家咖啡馆。一位精力充沛的女侍者走上前来迎接他。然而, 他故意泼了她一身脏水, 说了一些尖酸刻薄的话。女服务员微笑着道歉, 但没人知道她怀孕了。咖啡馆的主人是个灵活的人, 所以咖啡店的经营相当不错。咖啡馆还进口和出口咖啡。
在承认文化多样性或多元文化的同时, 我们应该探索这种现象的历史原因。除此之外, 我们还应该了解中国的少数民族文化。1848 年, 旧金山附近发现了黄金, 引发了淘金热。来自世界各地的30 多万人跨越大西洋前往旧金山寻求财富。一些移民在市中心附近的教会区定居下来。为了谋生, 他们开了商店、酒吧和餐馆。旧金山全年气候 温和。今天, 很大一部分华裔美国人住在唐人街。在那里, 游客可以买到时髦的服装、纪念品、靴子、牛仔裤、瓷盘甚至中草药。
一场台风袭击了这个小镇, 夺走了数百人的生命。只有少数 居民 逃脱了, 但灾难摧毁了他们的家园, 给他们造成了经济困难。此后又发生了一系列的事情。一些家庭从家里带走食物, 如辛辣薯条、奶酪和毒蘑菇。这些蘑菇含有致命的毒素。一些居民包裹好整洁的衣服和其他日用品, 把它们和建筑 材料及配件一起装上卡车。他们肯定要去一个新的地方定居下来。孩子们不忘带上他们的日记、图表、爵士音乐盒、漫画和涂鸦。除此之外, 他们还挑选了一些适合自己品位的超级收藏品。
要成为一名宇航员, 你必须经过严格的选拔程序。你需要大量的心理、智力和体能训练。此外, 你不仅应该了解宇宙、太阳系和我们的地球, 还应该懂得火箭、卫星、航天器、重力等知识。最后, 宇航员必须有坚定的意志和取得成功的强烈愿望。宇宙飞船发射后, 确保它在正确的轨道上运行。飞船上的宇航员有很多任务要完成。他必须能够独立地完成太空行走, 以便将数据传送到地球上的相关机构。
汤姆牢记那句名言“对一个人来说那是一小步, 对人类来说却是一大 步”。于是他热衷于探索宇宙的奥秘。曾经有一次在太空进行虚拟训练, 汤姆登上了一辆名叫玉兔的月球车, 希望能探索最后的边界。航天器上有一台微波炉、一部智能手机、一个枕头、一只氧气瓶、一些肥皂、毛巾、纸巾和其他为他提供的设施。宇宙飞船进入轨道后, 监视器定期发出信号。当他就要完成正在进行的任务时, 由于缺乏足够的训练, 他开始在太空舱里漂浮, 他的肌肉也开始疼痛。幸运的是, 他被紧紧地绑在飞船上, 否则, 他将漂浮在飞船之外。但当他发现自己有限的 资源即将耗尽时, 他感到很失望。他想弄清楚这些资源是否可以循环利用。通过分析, 汤姆认为目前致命的错误是缺乏高端设施, 这导致太空训练失败。结果, 他不得不发信号求救。
金钱是幸福生活的基础吗？我们应该根据人们有多少钱来评价他们吗？这是戏剧《百万英镑》中的一场。我喜欢各种各样的戏剧, 包括歌剧和音乐剧。我曾经在一出戏里扮演恐龙的角色, 得到了许多观众的拥抱。这次我想当一名叙述者, 用叙述的方式讲述这个故事。故事情节或要点若有遗漏, 我乐意道歉。罗德里克和奥利弗两兄弟打赌, 如果一个身无分文的人得到一张100万英镑的钞票, 会发生什么事。他们偶然看到一个衣衫褴褛的年轻人在他们家附近徘徊, 于是让仆人把他叫了进来。他们认为他就是他们想要的那种人选。那个年轻人在海上遇到了风暴, 被一艘驶往英国的轮船发现了。事实上, 他是为美国矿业公司工作的一位商人。在伦敦, 他无处可去, 只能到领事馆向大使求助, 但失败了, 不敢再试。兄弟俩问了他许多奇怪的问题, 他似乎失去了耐心。老实说, 他确实太饿了, 应该上路了。就在他正要离开时, 兄弟俩拦住他, 给了他一个大信封, 以防他将来之需。他们要求他许诺推迟到两点才把信封打开。
俗话说, 金钱是善仆, 也是恶主。追求金钱不会带来幸福。一系列的事件在很大程度上将表明金钱买不到幸福。最终, 任何奇怪的意图都不会实现, 不会有任何回报。一天, 亨利看到一个裁缝店的招牌。他停了下来, 犹豫着是否要进来。值班店员有义务立刻迎接他, 但他却皱起眉头, 粗鲁地说了些什么, 然后让亨利到楼下去, 地板下面有一间成衣房。几乎所有的店员都不理睬他。后来, 听说亨利有一张百万英镑的钞票, 店主把店员推到旁边, 满面笑容地走了过来。他以为亨利属于上流社会, 所以想和他保持良好的关系。既然那样, 他为亨利提供了多种选择。在他的允许下亨利没有付款就选购了一件。店主认为这很正常。
选择性必修第一册·人教版·语境记单词
UNIT 1 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT
1 Tu Youyou is awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine because she has discovered artemisinin，a crucial drug for malaria.In fact，artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria. After graduating from university，Tu Youyou worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. She committed herself to the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria. She and her scientific research team tried to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. They evaluated 280，000 plants and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments. Tu’s team tried boiling fresh wormwood，and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria，but this did not work.Tu Youyou wouldn’t acknowledge defeat. She insisted on analysing the medical texts again and drew a conclusion that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. By using a lower temperature to draw out the extract，she discovered the effective substance. Artemisinin，like penicillin，has stood up to clinical tests，just as other products or devices can stand wear and tear.
2 The difference between a novelist and a professor is that the former mostly uses his extraordinary creative genius to inspire people’s passion by writing novels，while the latter pays more attention to academic research. A politician wants to found his own theories and tries to come to power. A scientist hopes to make remarkable achievements and have more inventions and patents. Take Albert Einstein for example. He made numerous contributions to the world，the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc 2. He earned a doctorate in physics in 1905 and gradually became famous as the new Isaac Newton. Circumstances changed in 1933，when Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein，who was Jewish，found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. As a consequence，he had to flee Germany. He finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton，USA. Einstein was not only a genius，but also a very gentle man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair. Despite his peculiarities，he was loved by his friends and neighbours whom he encountered. Now let’s complete this flow chart to infer his further achievements. You can also write a draft to sum up Einstein’s life.
UNIT 2 LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE
1 I have to persuade myself to use these words and phrases to describe my daily routine in the future.If I forget to switch off my electrical appliances like my air conditioners and I’m in a distant place，my integrated sensors in my smart home system will do it for me instead of remote controls and automatic knobs. These sensors are very
efficient and give instant commands. The home system will obey and give constant warnings until the appliances enter the safety mode. This will keep my home secure. In addition，my smart home can warn me early on if there is something abnormal or if I have a critical illness，such as cancer，and potentially save my life. If the electrical wire starts leaking electricity，my smart home will detect it and provide me with the relevant information. In this sense，I will fix the problem before my home catches fire. Nevertheless，this smart technology
is not a fantasy. Many of these innovations are already available and being used in some homes.
2 Artificial intelligence can be used to guard against potential crimes and gain a sense of security.For example，the librarian advocates combining monitors into the structure of the library building.Hence，no one is opposed to this suggestion. They are a necessity，but not a luxury. Now let’s change the subject，and talk about our future occupations and careers. We should learn to predict or make a prediction about the future，because we can’t resist the development of society. So we must keep in touch with the latest technology，and place emphasis on these new technologies，such as cloning，nanobots and satellite weather forecast. Each of us is required to write an essay with several paragraphs to give an accurate description of our future careers. I think the prospect of rural
development is very attractive. There can’t be an absence of rural talents. My preference is farming. Even if I encounter resistance，I will never cease to go and work there.
UNIT 3 FASCINATING PARKS
1 A group of journalists set out for the polar area. They came to a fascinating valley near the boundary，where they would camp. The north wind was buffeting the cloth of their tent. At the edge of the valley，they found a small cottage. A visible glacier from the top of the mountain flowed through the valley. The vast territory stretched as far as the eye could see. A lot of reindeer were on the move，accompanied by some local people to prevent leopards from hurting them. Hunting was banned here. All the journalists felt really blessed to be in such a beautiful place. Nevertheless，there was only one unpleasant thing. A woman journalist had a cold and sneezed all the time. The cream she had put in the teapot turned sour，too. She turned the teapot upside down and poured out the sour cream.
2 I was wandering along the corridor of the amusement park. A splendid fountain ahead appealed to me. Behind it was the superb aquarium. I pedalled a bicycle along the original route to visit the aquarium. I was very much amused to see some adorable fish swimming and an enormous whale on display. There were up to 20，000 fish there. Then I visited a pirate ship，had a swing with some children and took a ride on the roller coaster. In this park，there were many entertainments that aroused my strong appetite. I could watch fashion shows，iron workshops，and a rare steam engine. That was an incredible theme park that appealed to everyone. After the
visit，my teacher asked me to describe the park with adjectives and imperative sentences，then to label these adjectives and put them in the left column.
UNIT 4 BODY LANGUAGE
1 In our interactions with other people，the way of expression needs to vary with the situation. Body language is important and reliable. By contrast，it is sometimes more appropriate than spoken language. A smile is always approved of in all cultures because it demonstrates politeness and can break down barriers. A fake smile is also necessary if you want to hide feelings like anger or anxiety，or when you feel ashamed or embarrassed. Of course，we can make inferences about the truth of the smile. Body language differs around the world. Different cultures may employ different gestures to express the identical feelings. In some cultures，people favour shaking hands，bowing from the waist when they meet. By comparison，elsewhere，people may kiss their friends on the cheek. You can also witness that some people interpret the gesture for OK as zero.
2 As an educator，I’ve learned to read my students’ body language and know what makes each student tick. In other words，I understand what my students think through their body language. As we know，people have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. So if a student has his head lowered to look at his watch，it implies he is bored. Their eyes barely move，and with their chins on their hands，they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. That means these students are distracted from class. I can perceive and distinguish why some students put their arms across their chests. I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on. Once，I made a trial with the twin brothers about nonverbal gestures. I gave an accurate assessment of their internal thoughts by how they posed，slumped and bent over. This was also a good explanation of body language. Ultimately，I call on my students not to be bothered by the outside world and adjust their learning state. At work，if there is a conflict between behaviour and learning，I will intervene in time. This is merely one component of the solution.
UNIT 5 WORKING THE LAND
1 Known as the “father of hybrid rice”，Yuan Longping has devoted his life to the Chinese farmers. Once，China had a serious shortage of food. To tackle this crisis，alleviate hunger and get rid of poverty，Yuan was convinced that farmers must boost yields in the fields they had.One characteristic of hybrids showed that they could attain a higher yield than conventional crops. Through intense effort，Yuan overcame enormous difficulties to develop the first hybrid rice that enabled farmers to expand their output greatly. Today，it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains. Deep down，Yuan is still very much a farmer at heart. As a man of the soil，he cares little for celebrity or money. Despite his wealth，Yuan Longping doesn’t live a life of leisure. His assumption is that he envisioned rice plants as tall as sorghum，with each ear of rice as big as a broom，and each grain of rice as huge as a peanut. His latest vision for rice growing in salty land has also become a reality.
2 Farmers prefer chemical fertilizers to organic ones for an increase of output. But crops grown with chemical fertilizers lack nutrition，essential minerals and nice flavour. Today chemical pesticides have been in widespread use in farming. Pesticides can kill harmful bacteria and insects，but damage the nutritious crops. This，in turn，affects the animals and humans who digest them.Now some pesticides have been prohibited in most countries. As an alternative，some farmers have switched to organic farming，because organic vegetables and grain are welcomed in urban groceries. These farmers also change crops. For instance，they grow corn or wheat in a field one year，and then grow beans there the next. These crops have entirely different roots and use different
depths of soil.
屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔 生理学或医学奖，因为她发现了治疗疟疾的关键药物青蒿素。事实上，青蒿素已经成为疟疾治疗的重要组成部分。大学毕业后，屠呦呦在中国中医研究院工作。她致力于发现疟疾新疗法的目标。她和她的科研团队试图找到治疗这种疾病的传统植物疗法。他们评估了28 万种植物，并测试了380 种不同的古代中医疗法。屠的研究小组尝试将新鲜的青蒿 煮沸，然后用从中提取的液体治疗疟疾，但没有成功。屠呦呦不承认 失败。她坚持要再次分析医学文献，并得出结论，煮沸这种青蒿 显然破坏了它的医学特性。她用较低的温度获取提取物，发现了这种有效的物质。青蒿素和青霉素一样，经得起临床检验，就像其他产品或设备经得起磨损一样。
小说家和教授的区别在于，前者大多是利用自己非凡的创作天赋，通过写小说来激发人们的热情，而后者则更注重学术研究。政治家想要建立自己的学说并试图掌权。科学家希望取得非凡的成就，拥有更多的发明和专利。以阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦为例。他为世界做出了许多贡献，最著名的是广义相对论和著名的公式E=mc2。他在1905 年获得了物理学博士学位，并逐渐以新艾萨克·牛顿而闻名。1933 年希特勒在德国上台后，情况发生了变化。（因为）爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。结果，他不得不逃离德国。最终，他在美国普林斯顿高等研究院 担任研究员一职。爱因斯坦不仅是个天才，而且是个非常温和的人。他留着浓密的胡子和长长的白发。尽管他性格古怪，但是他相识的朋友和邻居都喜欢他。现在让我们完成这个流程图来推断他的进一步成就。你也可以写一份草稿来总结 爱因斯坦的一生。
UNIT 2 LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE
我必须说服自己用这些单词和短语来描述我未来的日常生活。如果我忘记关掉我的电器比如空调，而且我在很远的地方，我的智能家居系统中的集成传感器会帮我做这件事，而不用遥控器和自动旋钮。这些传感器非常高效，可以发出即时指令。家居系统将服从并持续发出警告，直到电器进入安全模式。这将确保我家的安全。此外，要是有异常情况，或者我患有癌症等严重疾病，我的智能家居能够在初期便提醒我，并有可能挽救我的生命。如果电线开始漏电，我的智能家居会检测到并向我提供相关信息。从这个意义上说，我会在我的房子着火之前解决这个问题。然而，这种智能技术并非空想。许多这样的新发明已经可用，而且一些家庭正在使用。
人工智能可以用来防范潜在的犯罪并获得安全感。例如，图书馆馆长倡导将监控器安装到图书馆建筑的结构中。因此，没有人反对这个建议。它们是必需品，而不是奢侈品。现在让我们换个话题，谈谈我们未来的职业和事业吧。我们应当学会预料或对未来做出预测，因为我们无法抗拒社会的发展。因此，我们必须
了解最新的科技，并把重点放在这些新技术上，比如克隆技术，纳米机器人和卫星天气预报等。我们每个人都被要求写一篇文章，用几段话来准确描述我们未来的职业。我认为农村的发展前景非常诱人。农村人才不能缺位。我的爱好是务农，即使我遇到 阻力，我也不会停止去那里工作。
一群记者 启程前往极地地区。他们来到边界附近一个迷人的山谷，他们将在那里安营扎寨。北风吹拂着他们帐篷的布。在山谷的边缘，他们发现了一间小木屋。从山顶流下的一条看得见的 冰川流经山谷。辽阔的 大地一望无际。许多驯鹿在一些当地人的陪同下迁移，以防止豹子伤害它们。这里禁止打猎。所有记者都为身处如此美丽的地方而感到由衷的幸福。然而，只有一件令人不愉快的事。一位女记者感冒了，一直打喷嚏。她放在茶壶里的奶油也变酸了。她把茶壶 颠倒过来，倒出了酸 奶油。
我漫步在游乐园的走廊上。前面一个壮观的 喷泉 吸引了我。在它后面是一个美丽的 水族馆。我沿着原来的路线 骑自行车去参观水族馆。看到一些可爱的鱼在水里游来游去，还有一头巨大的鲸在那里展览，我觉得很有趣。那里有多达两万条鱼。然后我参观了海盗船，和孩子们一起荡秋千，坐过山车。公园里有许多娱乐活动，引起了我的强烈欲望。我可以观看时装秀、铁器车间和一台罕见的 蒸汽机。那是一个吸引每一个人的极好的主题公园。参观结束后，老师让我用形容词和祈使句来描述公园，然后给这些形容词贴上标签，把它们放在左栏里。
UNIT 4 BODY LANGUAGE
在我们与他人的交往中，表达的方式需要根据情况而变化。体态语很重要也很可靠。相比之下，它有时候比口头语言更恰当。微笑在所有文化中都是被认可的，因为它表现出礼貌，还可以打破 障碍。如果你想隐藏像愤怒或焦虑等情绪，或者当你感到羞愧或尴尬时，假装的微笑也是必要的。当然，我们可以推断出微笑的真实性。世界各地的体态语言各不相同。不同的文化可能使用不同的姿势来表达相同的感受。在某些文化中，人们见面时喜欢握手、弯腰 鞠躬。相比之下，在其他地方，人们可能会亲吻朋友的脸颊。你还可以看到有些人把“OK”的手势 理解为零。
作为一名教育工作者，我学会了解读学生的肢体语言，了解每个学生的一举一动的原因。换句话说，我通过学生的肢体语言来了解他们的想法。众所周知，人们总是倾向于他们感兴趣的东西。所以，如果一个学生低头看表，这意味着他很无聊。如果他们的眼睛几乎不动，双手托着下巴，忙着 盯着窗外或天花板，那意味着这些学生上课分心。我能够觉察和分辨出为什么有些学生把胳膊交叉放在胸前。我知道我需要调查和判断发生了什么。有一次，我对双胞胎兄弟做了一个关于非语言手势的试验。我通过他们摆姿势、垂
头走路和俯身的方式，准确地评估了他们的内心想法。这也是对肢体语言一个很好的解释。最后，我呼吁学生不要被外界干扰，调整好自己的学习状态。在课堂学习中，如果行为和学习之间有冲突，我会及时介入。这仅仅是解决方案的一个组成部分。
UNIT 5 WORKING THE LAND
被誉为“杂交水稻之父”的袁隆平把一生奉献给了中国农民。中国的粮食曾经严重短缺。为了应对这个危机，缓解饥饿和摆脱贫困，袁隆平确信农民必须在已有土地上提高 产量。杂交作物的一个特点表明，它们可以获得比传统作物更高的产量。通过极大的努力，袁隆平克服了巨大的困难，培育出了第一代杂交水稻，使
农民能够大幅度提高（水稻的）产量。据估算，现在中国国内大约60% 的大米消费是由袁隆平的杂交品种 形成的作物组成的。在内心深处袁隆平仍然还是一个纯粹的农民。作为一个土地之子，他不在乎名誉和金钱。袁隆平虽然很富有，却没有过悠闲的生活。他的设想是，他想象水稻植株像高粱一样高，每支稻穗像扫帚一样大，每粒稻米像花生一样大。他最近提出的在盐碱地种植水稻的愿景也已成为现实。
为了提高产量，农民更喜欢化 肥而不是有机肥。但是用化肥种植的作物缺乏营养、必需的 矿物质和美味。今天，化学 农药已在农业中得到了广泛的应用。农药可以杀死有害的细菌和昆虫，但也会损害有营养的作物。这反过来又影响到消化它们的动物和人类。现在大多数国家都已禁止使用某些杀虫剂。作为替代，一些农民已经转向有机农业，因为有机蔬菜和粮食在城市的 杂货店里很受欢迎。这些农民还更换作物。例如，他们一年在一块地里种玉米或小麦，下一年在那里种豆类。这些作物的根 完全不同，使用的土壤深度也不同。
教材全解·高中英语选择性必修第二册·人教版·语境记单词
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
1 Cholera is an infectious disease caused by germs. People who are infected with this disease will suffer from severe diarrhoea，dehydration and even death. As a young doctor，John Snow felt a little frustrated at first，but he was determined to defeat “ King Cholera” once and for all. There were then two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. Snow subscribed to the correct theory that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. But Snow needed proof and findings. It happened that cholera broke out in London in 1854，and Snow began to investigate. He discovered that there were multiple deaths in some households near the water pump in Broad Street. This showed there was a link between the cases of cholera and the water. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame，so he had the handle of the water pump removed. Thanks to Snow’s intervention，people began to drink pure water instead of raw water. Thus，there was a substantial decrease in the threat of cholera. Furthermore，in his use of maps and statistics，Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. His thinking and concept on disease were quite novel at that time. Therefore，Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
2 Doctors use microscopes to observe cells，germs， viruses or proteins in cells，while astronomers look at stars and study astronomy through telescopes. A theory may be abstract，but research work needs to have a solid，concrete or vivid theoretical framework. Besides John Snow，it is worth mentioning Qian Xuesen，the father of China’s aerospace industry. He was an outstanding， gifted and patriotic scientist. At first，he studied railway mechanical engineering. In order to defend China’s airspace，he shifted his major to aviation. While studying in the United States，Qian Xuesen was a graduate assistant，studying jet and rocket technology. After returning to China，he was put in charge of developing China’s rocket science and its space and missile programme. Under Qian’s leadership，China’s aerospace industry made steady progress and achieved initial success. Now let’s change the subject. Here is a picture of a brilliant rainbow after a heavy rain. There is a man standing over there. The rainbow casts different shadows of the man. Above all，the moon is hanging in the sky，but the sun has not yet set. Can you find fault with this picture?
UNIT 2 BRIDGING CULTURES
1 My friend Xie Lei recalled her complex experience of studying abroad. Xie Lei originally studied for a business qualification at a university in China. She is an ambitious girl，and her ambition is to set up a business back in China after graduation. She chose to live with a host family for her adaptation to the new culture. It was a comfort for her to have a second family. Her college tutor was very strict and advised her to participate in class activities. For example，she should speak up in class or give presentations，not cite others’ opinions. She was engaged in British culture and involved in social activities，thus acting as a cultural messenger. She knew that much exposure to another culture could give her great insights into the world. At first，she felt culture shock from a foreign country，and had an overwhelming homesickness. But later she stepped out of her comfort zone and felt much more at home. She became more motivated. Xie Lei’s advisor talked to her about maintaining reasonable expectations when studying abroad. Her motivation to study abroad became more clear，and she even wanted to be an applicant for a job at a foreign firm. However，she was looking forward to her early departure from the UK.
2 In recent years，there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people studying abroad， but there exist some disadvantages. Tuition and living expenses are higher than at home and could end up costing an arm and a leg， far more than the household budget. Another factor is the tremendous life pressure. Some students are not mature enough to behave well in new surroundings. They can’t grasp the local customs. Some students may feel depressed. Now，China’s education is booming. More and more young students choose to study in China to make contributions to and strengthen their motherland in the future. No one can deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages. But still some people are optimistic about it. As far as they are concerned，studying abroad helps to gain and improve our general competence. Cooperating with people from diverse cultural settings helps us view the world from different angles. China’s global outlook，with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative，has helped us make connections across the world. China needs cultural envoys as well as more talented young people with a global perspective who are highly competent with languages. Both sides sound logical. Which idea would you probably side with? As far as I know，studying abroad doesn’t always bring good outcomes. In summary，I sincerely hope that parents will take this issue seriously.
UNIT 3 FOOD AND CULTURE
1 Prior to discussing food and culture，let’s talk about the cuisine and recipes. Both Western and Chinese dishes may consist of these ingredients， such as onion，garlic，cabbage，bean curd， chilli，etc. They contain a lot of vitamins and fibre. Meat includes pork，red braised pork，lamb，lamb kebabs，bacon，ham，sausage，haggis and so on， which contain large quantities of fat and calories. In addition，there are some other ingredients， such as soy sauce，vinegar，olive oil，pepper and peppercorns. Food includes dairy products， buns，desserts，dim sum and so on. Generally speaking，there are different categories of cuisines all over the world.
2 Madam Wang，a member of China Cuisine Association，works in our school canteen. She used to be a chef in a hotel cafeteria. She is elegant， modest with a stable temper. She can make exceptional desserts. She is a somewhat bold chef，making dough into various shapes，slicing it into thin slices or stuffing it into different molds. She has her own tricks of the trade，so she makes her own brand of desserts，served with pearls and figs. She is overall a vegetarian，consuming a minimum of fat each day. She always eats or drinks in moderation，but never eats junk food. She also teaches us how to eat. She says one fundamental factor of an ideal diet is to chew slowly. Consistent eating habits are better for our health. This is true regardless of how healthy the rest of our diet might be.
UNIT 4 JOURNEY ACROSS A VAST LAND
1 Two Chinese girls arrived in Vancouver by commercial airline. There they took a pleasant boat ride out into the bay and later visited an island with wonderful shops selling crafts and antiques. The next morning，the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise，passing through the massive mountains and forests. The blue water in Lake Louise literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty. Then they took a coach bound north through the Rockies to Jasper. The awesome scenery，spectacular mountain peaks and forests made them excited. One highlight of their trip was seeing many different creatures，including deer， mountain goats，and even a grizzly bear. Their first stop was Edmonton，the centre of Canada’s oil and gas drilling industry. The city is freezing cold in winter but it is home to many shopping malls. Crossing the great Canadian Prairie and a bunch of farms，they did not anticipate seeing such an open country. As the train thundered on towards the southern border，they opened the curtains and saw frost on the ground. Their trip from Vancouver to Toronto had taken a duration of four days.
2 My friend is a photographer with a French accent. He is enrolled in an English tutoring class to learn English idioms，but the result is often contrary to his wishes. One day at dusk he was staying in a hotel. He heard someone on the upper floor shout “Look out!” He put his head out of the window at once. As a result，a basin of water poured down on his head. He was astonished. Anyhow，he felt he was coherent. “English is so strange that ‘look out’ means not looking out，”he said to himself. Once he saw an advertisement that said，“Our company owes a great deal to our customers.” He thought the company was in deep debt. In fact， it’s a way for the company to express their thanks to the customers. He proceeded alongside the cobblestone shore，past a quarry，and finally arrived at the harbour. He took some pictures of a steel bridge in the mist. He came back late and had some toast for dinner.
UNIT 5 FIRST AID
1 My fellow classmate gave me a manual and a leaflet about first aid. They introduced many practical first aid techniques. The skin is the largest organ of your body. It acts as a barrier against disease，toxins，and the sun’s rays. It gives you your sense of touch. If your skin is burnt by radiation or acids，you feel much pain，especially when you receive an electric shock. Burns are no minor incidents. If the burn surface is red and swollen with blisters，you should work as a paramedic and provide urgent treatment to ease the pain. You can wrap the burnt area with a loose clean fabric. If every layer of the skin is affected or nerves underneath are damaged，the victim must be taken to the hospital immediately. Here are some other first aid cases. What if someone swallows a chemical? What if someone slips in the bathtub? What do you do if an elderly man falls on the carpet? What do you do when you get bitten by a mosquito? What if your classmate sprains his ankle and bleeds? And what do you do when you hear a drowning man screaming? You might say， “I don’t panic. I’ll give first aid，like putting in an IV needle，performing mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and checking his vital signs. Also， I will call emergency services without delay and try to explain to the operator until the ambulance arrives.”
2 Once，I was having dinner in a restaurant. I had my dinner interrupted when I heard someone screaming from another table. A fellow diner at the restaurant was choking on some steak. He was now holding his throat with his face turning red，while his desperate friends were slapping him on the back. I went over to help the diner to his feet. Then I used the Heimlich manoeuvre. I stood behind him，made a fist with one hand，grabbed my fist with the other hand tightly，and then pushed up and into his stomach in one motion. I continued doing this until the obstruction was forced out. If he had been a small child，I would have laid him face down on my lap so that he couldn’t collapse. We have a duty to look after one another’s welfare. How could I justify standing by and doing nothing? Recently I was out of shape. I always ate more and slept in. I stayed in a hospital ward for two weeks. The doctor suggested that I should get a gym membership and work out at the gym in the suburbs.
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
霍乱是一种由细菌引起的传染病。感染这种疾病的人会严重 腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰• 斯诺一开始感到有点沮丧，但他决心彻底击败“霍乱王”。当时有两种截然不同的理论来解释霍乱是如何传播的。斯诺赞同正确的理论，即霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。但斯诺需要证据和调查结果。1854 年伦敦恰巧暴发了霍乱，斯诺开始调查。他发现宽街水泵附近的一些住户有多人死亡，这说明霍乱病例与饮用水有关联。斯诺怀疑水泵是罪魁祸首，于是他让人把水泵的把手拆掉了。多亏了斯诺的干预，人们开始饮用纯净水而不是原水。因此，霍乱的威胁大幅 降低。此外，斯诺利用地图和统计数据，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。他对疾病的思考和观念在当时是相当新颖的。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。
医生用显微镜观察细胞、细菌、病毒或细胞中的蛋白质，而天文学家则用望远镜观察星体和研究天文学。理论可能是抽象的， 但研究工作需要有一个坚实、具体或生动的 理论框架。除了约翰• 斯诺，值得一提的是“中国航天之父”钱学森。他是一位杰出的、有天赋的、爱国的科学家。起初，他学习铁道机械工程。为了保卫中国的领空，他转到了航空专业。在美国留学期间，钱学森是一名研究生助理，研究喷气式飞机和火箭技术。回国后，他被任命负责发展中国的火箭科学及其太空和导弹项目。在钱学森的领导下，中国航天事业稳步发展，初见成效。现在咱们换个话题吧。这是一幅大雨过后的绚丽的 彩虹图。有一个人站在那边。彩虹 投射出这个人不同的影子。尤其是，天空中挂着月亮，但太阳还没有落山。你能找出这幅画的错误吗？
UNIT 2 BRIDGING CULTURES
我的朋友谢蕾回忆起她复杂的留学经历。谢蕾最初在中国一所大学攻读商科。她是个有抱负的女孩，她的志向是毕业后回国创业。为了适应新的文化，她选择住在寄宿家庭。有了第二个家庭对她来说是一种安慰。她的大学导师非常严格，建议她参加班级活动。例如，她应该在课堂上大声发言或作报告，而不是引用别人的观点。她融入英国文化，参加社交活动，因此充当着文化使者的角色。她知道，多接触另一种文化可以让她对世界有深刻的了解。一开始，她感受到了异国的文化冲击， 产生了一种强烈的 乡愁。但后来她走出了自己的舒适区，感觉更自在了。她变得更有动力了。谢蕾的导师跟她谈了在留学时要保持合理的 预期。她出国留学的动机变得更加明确，她甚至想申请到外企工作。然而，她期待着早日离开英国。
近年来，出国留学的人数急剧增加， 但也存在一些弊端。学费和生活费都比国内要高，最终可能要花掉一大笔钱，远远超出家庭 预算。另一个因素是巨大的生活压力。有些学生还不够成熟，在新的环境中表现不好。他们领会不了当地的风俗习惯。一些学生可能会感到沮丧。现在，中国的教育正在蓬勃发展。越来越多的青年学生选择在国内学习，在将来为祖国作出贡献，让国家更加富强。没有人能否认出国留学有它的弊端。但仍有一些人对此持乐观态度。在他们看来，出国留学有助于获得和提高我们的综合能力。与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同的角度看待世界。以“一带一路”倡议等项目为代表的中国全球观，帮助我们与世界各国建立联系。中国需要文化使者，也需要更多具有全球视野、语言能力强、有才能的年轻人。双方听起来都很合理。你可能支持哪一种观点？就我所知，出国留学并不总是带来好的结果。总之，我真诚地希望家长们认真对待这个问题。
UNIT 3 FOOD AND CULTURE
在讨论饮食和文化之前，我们先来谈谈烹饪和食谱。西餐和中餐都可能含有这些配料，如洋葱、大蒜、卷心菜、豆腐、辣椒等。它们含有大量的维生素和纤维。肉类包括猪肉、红烧肉、羊肉、烤羊肉串、熏猪肉、火腿、香肠、羊杂碎肚等，都含有大量的脂肪和卡路里。此外，还有一些其他佐料，如酱油、醋、橄榄油、胡椒粉和胡椒粒。食物包括奶制品、圆面包、甜点和中式点心等。一般来说，世界各地有不同种类的菜肴。
王女士，中国烹饪协会会员，在我们学校食堂工作。她曾在一家酒店的自助餐厅当过厨师。她举止优雅、谦虚、稳重。她能做出特别的 甜点。她是一个有点 大胆自信的 厨师，把生面团做成各种形状，切成 薄片，或者塞进不同的模具里。她有自己的行业诀窍，所以她做出了自己品牌的甜点，配上珍珠和无花果。她总体上是一个素食者， 每天摄入 最少量的脂肪。她总是适度饮食，从不吃垃圾食品。她还教我们如何吃。她说，理想饮食的一个基本要素就是细嚼慢咽。连续的饮食习惯对我们的健康更有益处，不管我们饮食的其他方面有多健康，这都是正确的。
UNIT 4 JOURNEY ACROSS A VAST LAND
两个中国女孩乘坐商业航空公司的飞机抵达温哥华。在那里，她们乘船愉快地驶入海湾，后来参观了一个岛屿，岛上有很不错的出售工艺品和古董的商店。第二天早上，两个女孩早早起床，坐火车去路易斯湖，途经巨大的群山和森林。路易斯湖湛蓝的湖水异常美丽，令她们真正地 惊叹不已。然后她们乘长途汽车向北穿过落基山脉到达贾斯珀。令人惊叹的 风景，壮观的山峰和森林，让她们兴奋不已。她们此行的一大亮点是看到了许多不同的生物，包括鹿、山羊，甚至一只灰熊。她们的第一站是埃德蒙顿，加拿大石油和天然气钻探工业的中心。这个城市冬天极冷，但它是许多购物中心的所在地。她们穿越加拿大大草原和成片的农场时，没有预料到会看到这样一个开放的国家。火车轰鸣着驶向南部边境，她们拉开窗帘，看见地面上有霜。她们从温哥华到多伦多的旅行持续了四天。
我朋友是一个有法国口音的摄影师。他报名参加了一个英语辅导班，学习英语习语，但结果往往事与愿违。一天傍晚，他住在一家旅馆里。他听到楼上有人喊“小心！” 他立即把头伸出窗外。结果，一盆水倒在了他的头上，他很惊讶。不管怎样，他觉得自己是有道理的。他自言自语地说：“英语太奇怪了，‘向外看’就是不要‘向外看’。” 有一次，他看到一则广告，上面写着“我们公司非常感激我们的顾客”。他认为该公司负债累累。事实上，这是这个公司向顾客表达谢意的一种方式。他继续 沿着 铺有鹅卵石的 海岸 前行，经过一个采石场，最后来到港口。他在雾中拍了几张钢桥的照片。他回来得很晚，晚饭吃了些烤面包片。
UNIT 5 FIRST AID
我的同学给了我有关急救的一本手册和一份宣传单。它们介绍了许多实用的急救方法。皮肤是人体最大的器官。它是抵御疾病、毒素和阳光的屏障。它给你触觉。如果你的皮肤被辐射或酸物质灼伤，你会感到很痛，尤其是当你受到电击的时候。烧伤不是小事。如果烧伤表面红肿并带有水疱，你应该充当一名护理人员，提供紧急处理，以减轻疼痛。你可以用一块干净透气（宽松）的 布把烧伤部位包裹起来。如果皮肤的每一层都受到了影响或下面的 神经受到了损害， 那么，伤者必须立即送往医院。这里还有一些其他急救案例。如果有人吞下了化学物质怎么办？如果有人在浴缸里滑倒了怎么办？如果一个老人摔倒在地毯上，你该怎么做？当你被蚊子叮咬时，你会怎么做？如果你的同学扭伤 脚踝 流血了该怎么办？当你听到一个溺水的人尖叫时你会怎么做？你可能会说，“我不惊慌。我会实施急救，比如打静脉注射针、进行口对口人工呼吸并检查生命体征。此外，我还会毫不迟疑地打电话给急救中心（应急服务机构），并尽力向接线员解释情况，直到救护车到来。”
有一次，我在一家餐馆吃饭。当我听到另一张桌子上有人尖叫时，我的晚餐被中断了。餐馆里的一位用餐者被一些牛排 噎住了。此时他扼住自己的喉咙，脸涨得通红， 而他绝望的朋友们则在拍打他的后背。我走过去帮助用餐者站了起来。然后我采用海姆立克急救法。我站在他身后，一只手握拳，另一只手紧紧 抓住我的拳头，然后快速地向上向内推压他的腹部。我持续这样做， 直到阻塞物被排出。如果他是个小孩子，我会把他脸朝下放在我的膝盖上，这样他就不会倒下。我们有责任照顾彼此的健康。我怎么能有理由袖手旁观而什么也不做呢？最近我的身体不好，我总是吃得多， 起得晚。我在医院病房住了两个星期。医生建议我办个健身会员，在郊外的健身房锻炼。
教材全解·高中英语选择性必修第三册·人教版·语境记单词
UNIT 1 ART
1 I am fond of the works of primitives，and those of realists in particular. Realists express realism by drawing realistic paintings. Different from Christianity，realistic painting pays more attention to humanity and has humanistic thoughts. Nowadays，in order to show their influential ranks and reputations，some high-ranking officials and nobles like to collect famous paintings. These clients go around purchasing paintings and photography works of famous artists. There is a painting called Impression，Sunrise ，a work filled with mythology. The sun is slowly emerging on the horizon from different dimensions，showing the outer beauty of nature. The painting is set apart from others because of its precise description of nature. It conveys the artist’s subjective view of nature，and causes a subsequent influence. As the painting precisely describes nature，it is called a breakthrough in the history of painting.
2 Sculptors create sculptures to give people visual beauty. Sculpture，like painting，is also called fine art. But some sculptors don’t seem to be humble enough when their works are criticised. It means that they won’t accept criticism. You can see sculptures everywhere in this park. Over the pond in the park， there is an arched bridge with several arches in it. There are some water lilies in the pond. Brides and grooms often have pictures taken by the side of the bridge and the pond. In the center of the park stands a permanent memorial. The local government has paid a large investment in the park.
3 There is a big museum in our city. It houses a representative collection of antiques and artistic works，including ancient bronzes，ceramics， vases，ink wash paintings and Buddhist objects. It also has a collection of world-famous symphonies as well as contemporary animations. In recent years，entry to the museum has been limited， so there is a decline in the number of visitors. For the expansion of the museum’s influence，they often hold exhibitions and collect civil products to attract tourists. Two-dimensional technology is made full use of in these exhibitions to provide film frames and bring ancient things to life，so they are worthy of being visited. As a result，the reputation of the museum has been guaranteed.
UNIT 2 HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
1 Abuse of tobacco or alcohol can cause physical harm. If you already rely on either of them，it’s hard to quit. However，you should not take a negative or pessimistic attitude towards it. You must learn to discipline yourself and dominate your daily behaviour. According to psychology，any cue can affect your decisions and actions. Therefore，you should decide on a plan to stop smoking or drinking and start straight away. In response to your plan， don’t give up smoking or drinking repeatedly， don’t take pills，but have your health examined regularly. You should also enhance physical exercise to facilitate your ability to fight disease. If you can do this，you are sure to get a good reward.
2A team which was composed of medical specialists，consultants and surgeons went to the drug addiction treatment center. They had made up their minds to help the addicts get rid of their bad habits. In the center，they found some patients were smoking cigarettes. Some patients tried to skip medical tests to avoid being disturbed. But all this was stopped. Other patients that grew beards were asked to shave them off. In addition，the surgeons performed surgery on serious patients to give them a complete liberation from pain.
3 We know that flu is caused by a virus. People with flu can feel dizzy. They feel stressed out or even feel worn out. In addition to taking medicine， sports will refresh us and make us feel dynamic. For example，skateboarding and bowling are good choices. Physical exercise can enhance our ability of disease prevention and stimulate our enthusiasm for life. In addition，it can make us absorbed in our work. Let’s change the subject. Last week，I paid a visit to the dentist and I did it monthly. He advised me not to eat too much sugary food or too many nuts.
UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1 One graph shows that carbon dioxide and methane emissions are increasing year by year. As a result，they have destroyed our ecology and caused global warming. People burn fossil fuels to produce waste gases， which are then released into the atmosphere. We should fully realize that global warming is a worldwide problem. We must restrict the emission of carbon dioxide. We also call for a restriction on other waste gas emissions. There is a trend that global warming may cause ice and snow to melt，making polar bears，seals or penguins starve to death，and our planet not habitable. In order to sustain our survival as well as for the sustainable development of human society，we must fight for the protection of our living environment and ecology. We should seize every opportunity to advertise our protection policy through the media，such as TV and radio broadcasts. This is a hard and comprehensive task，and we must frequently warn people about it.
2 Our reform and opening-up policy aims not only to reform the economic system，but also to build a harmonious well-off society. In the course of implementing the reform，we have to undergo challenges，tests，pains and even chaos. The annual workshop on ecology and environment will be held soon，and I will attend the meeting on behalf of our city. Some sensitive topics may be discussed at the meeting. It involves the use of nuclear energy and how to protect the tropical jungles in the basins. At that time，representatives will submit their proposals.
3 Smog originates from the emission of waste gases. For the conservation of our environment， a nationwide campaign against smog has been launched. Dozens of enterprises in our city have set up regulations and agendas to prohibit the emission of garbage and waste gases. The enterprises concerned must carry out a thorough disposal of their waste gas emissions as well as waterways before the end of the year to restore them to their original condition. The government will never tolerate such a situation to continue. Enterprises with large volumes of emissions will be fined. If any enterprise fails to pass the inspection，it will be fined，too.
UNIT 4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGE
1 After retiring from the navy，the crew formed an ocean expedition. They were both qualified and enthusiastic explorers. After they were assigned the task，they went aboard the ship and began their voyage to the Atlantic Ocean. All the crew and stewards were full of vigour and were envied by everyone. A few days later when the ship was sailing，it was crushed against a reef unfortunately. Immediately the ship began to sink. At this time， some of the crew resolved to persevere with the voyage，but the captain turned them down. After sending out the emergency signal，the captain decided to abandon the ship，including all the belongings on board，such as furniture， cupboards，stoves，blankets and a decent banjo. It was time to test their endurance，resolve and perseverance in adversity. No one was ever selfish or bad-tempered. Although it was a bitter and miserable experience，they were fearless and showed a genuine friendship with each other.
2 My nephew made an application for a job in an advertising agency. Fortunately，he was hired by the company. Under the guidance of his boss， his work was to advertise corporate culture. Once he went to a private enterprise to make a thorough investigation. Unfortunately，he found that the owner of the private enterprise beat his dog in a cruel way while it was barking. Therefore，he refused to advertise for the company. My nephew likes badminton and rugby. He is often seen in the recreation center to play baseball with a bat.
3 As Confucianism says，“Keep what you say and carry out what you do.” Tom was a navigator， and he made a commitment to live or die with the ship. Here was an episode in his life. When the ship motor started，he got aboard the ship and made fire，which began to give off a light smoke. While the ship was sailing out to the sea，they met with a storm. But in the rough sea，Tom remained calm. His only motive was to navigate the ship safely. Finally，when the ship reached its destination， he gave his life to save others. I’m the suitable candidate to go sailing. I must be as loyal to my ship and the crew as Tom was.
UNIT 5 POEMS
1 I am a literary youth and an amateur in English poetry. I am fond of Shakespeare’s poems and dramas full of sorrow. Now I can recite dozens of English poems and folk songs because they are full of imagery，rhyme and rhythm. I still remember a nursery rhyme，which contains the words “mockingbird”“diamond ring”“brass”“billy goat”and “bull”. There is a list poem called “Mother”，which describes hundreds of bees in the sunny weather，hundreds of dewdrops to greet the dawn，and hundreds of delicate butterflies in the blossoms on the lawn. There is a certain format for the number of lines in different forms of poetry. Another form of poem is called the cinquain ，which is made up of five lines. It conveys a strong picture or a certain mood in a few words. Time awaits no man and stop teasing. Now let’s hold a discussion revolving around English poetry. If you already have some comprehension of English poetry， please utter what you think. I’d like to hear your respective opinions.
2 In a dominant place on the shelf，there is a book of prose and a collection of blank verse. There may be several other versions of them. The core content of these works is to describe the daily life of civilians. For example，in spring when the cherry blossoms were in full bloom，farmers began to sow the seeds of their crops，hoping for the autumn harvest. In the era of innocence，people were innocent and sympathetic. They showed sympathy and love for each other. At that time，correspondence was not so easy and convenient as it is today，but the relationship between people was close，not as distant as it is now.
3 The deadline for the composition contest is drawing near. My paper is about racial prejudice and it needs to be polished by my teacher. To my grief，my teacher says that there are still a string of questions to be clarified in my paper. The structure of the composition is so complicated that I have to make some variations wherever necessary.
UNIT 1 ART
我喜欢 文艺复兴前的艺术家的作品，尤其是现实主义画家的那些作品。现实主义画家通过画写实的绘画来表达现实主义（理念）。与基督教不同，写实绘画更注重人性，具有人文思想。如今，为了显示自己有影响力的 地位和声誉，一些达官贵人喜欢收藏名画。这些客户四处购买著名艺术家的绘画和摄影作品。有幅名叫《日出·印象》的绘画，是一幅充满虚幻想法的作品。太阳从不同的维度慢慢地出现在地平线上，展现出大自然的外在美。这幅画因其对大自然的精确描绘而与众不同。它传达了艺术家对大自然的主观看法，并产生了后来的影响。因为这幅画准确地描绘了大自然，所以它被称为绘画史上的一次突破。
雕塑家通过制作雕塑，给人以视觉美。雕塑和绘画一样，也被称为美术。但有的雕塑家在作品受到批评时显得不够谦虚，意思是说，他们不愿接受批评。在这个公园里到处都可以看到雕塑。在公园的池塘上方，有一座拱形桥，桥上有几个拱。池塘里有一些睡莲。新娘和新郎经常在桥边和池塘边拍照。公园中央矗立着一座永久性 纪念碑。地方政府在这个公园里投入了大量资金。
我们城市有一座大型博物馆。这里收藏了一批具有代表性的古董和艺术作品，包括古代青铜器、陶瓷作品、花瓶、水墨画和佛教物品。它还收藏了一些世界著名的交响乐曲和当代 动画片。近年来，进入博物馆（参观）受到了限制，所以参观者数量有所下降。为了扩大博物馆的影响力，他们经常举办展览和收集民用产品来吸引游客。这些展览充分利用二维技术提供电影画面，使古代的事物重现生机，所以，它们是值得参观的。结果， 博物馆的声誉得到了保证。
UNIT 2 HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
无节制吸烟或饮酒会造成身体伤害。如果你已经依赖其中之一，就很难戒掉。但是，你不应该对此持有消极或悲观的态度。你必须学会自我控制，控制你的日常行为。根据心理学，任何暗示都会影响你的决定和行动。因此，你应该选定一个戒烟或戒酒的计划，然后马上开始。为了响应你的计划，不要反复戒烟或戒酒，不要吃药，但要定期检查你的身体。你还应该加强 体育锻炼，以促进你的抗病能力（提升）。如果你能做到这一点，你一定会得到良好的回报。
一个由 专科医生、顾问和外科医生 组成的小组前往戒毒治疗中心。他们已下定决心帮助吸毒成瘾的人摆脱坏他们的坏习惯。在戒毒中心，他们发现一些患者在抽烟。一些患者为了避免受到打扰， 试图逃避医疗检查。但这一切都被制止了。还有一些留着胡子的患者被要求把胡子剃掉。此外，外科医生为重病患者做了手术，让他们彻底解脱病痛。
我们知道，流感是由病毒引起的。流感患者会感到头晕目眩。他们焦虑不安， 甚至疲惫不堪。除了服药，体育运动也会使我们精神焕发、充满活力。例如，滑板运动和保龄球运动都是不错的选择。体育锻炼可以增强我们预防疾病的能力， 激发我们对生活的热情。此外，它还能使我们全神贯注于工作。咱们换个话题吧。上周我去看了牙医，而且我每月都去看一次。他建议我不要吃太多含糖的食物和坚果。
UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
一张图表显示，二氧化碳和甲烷的排放量正在逐年增加。结果，它们破坏了我们的生态，导致了全球变暖。人们燃烧化石燃料产生废气，然后它们被排放到大气中。我们应该充分认识到，全球变暖是一个世界性的问题。我们必须限制二氧化碳的排放。我们还呼吁限制其他废气的排放。有一种趋势是，全球变暖可能导致冰雪融化，使得北极熊、海豹或企鹅 饿死，我们的地球无法居住。为了维持我们的生存，以及为了人类社会的可持续发展，我们必须为保护我们的生存环境和生态而奋斗。我们应该抓住一切机会，通过电视和无线电广播等媒体宣传我们的保护政策。这是一项艰巨而全面的任务，我们必须经常提醒人们注意。
我们的改革开放政策不仅要改革经济体制，而且要建设和谐的小康社会。在实施改革的过程中，我们要经受挑战、考验、阵痛，甚至混乱。一年一度的生态与环境研讨会即将召开，我将代表我市出席会议。会上可能会讨论一些敏感的话题， 它涉及核能的利用以及如何保护盆地中的热带 丛林等。届时，代表们将提交他们的议案。
雾霾 源于废气的排放。为了保护我们的环境，一场全国性的治理雾霾的运动已经展开。我市很多 企业已经制定了法规和议程，禁止垃圾和废气的排放。有关企业必须在年底前对废气排放和河道进行彻底治理，使其恢复原状。政府决不会容忍这种情况继续下去。排放量大的企业将被罚款。任何企业如果无法通过检查，也将被罚款。
UNIT 4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGE
从海军退役后，船员组成了一支远洋探险队。他们是既合格又热情的探险者。被分配任务后，他们就登上了船，开始了去大西洋的航行。全体船员和乘务员都精力充沛，受到了大家的羡慕。几天后， 船在航行时，不幸 撞到了暗礁上。船立即开始下沉。这时，有些船员决心 坚持这次航行，但船长拒绝了他们。在发出紧急信号后，船长决定弃船，包括船上所有的物品，例如家具、橱柜、炉具、毛毯和一把相当不错的 班卓琴。到了在逆境中考验他们耐力、决心和毅力的时候了。没有人自私或脾气不好。虽然这是一次痛苦而悲惨的经历，但他们无所畏惧，彼此表现出真诚的友谊。
我侄子申请在一家广告公司工作。幸运的是，他被公司录用了。在老板的指导下，他的工作是为公司的文化做广告。有一次他去一家私营企业做了一次彻底的调查。不幸的是，他发现私营企业老板在狗叫的时候用残忍的方式打它。因此， 他拒绝为这个公司做宣传。我侄子喜欢羽毛球运动和橄榄球运动。人们经常看到他在娱乐中心拿着球拍打棒球。
正如儒家所言，“言必信，行必果。” 汤姆是一位领航员，他承诺与船只共存亡。这是他生命中的一段经历。当船上的马达启动时，他上了船，生起了火，冒出一股轻烟。当船出海时，他们遇到了风暴。但在波涛汹涌的大海中，汤姆保持镇静。他唯一的目的就是安全地为这艘船驾驶导航。最后，当船到达目的地时，他为了救别人而献出了生命。我是去航海的合适人选。我必须像汤姆一样对我的船只和船员 忠诚。
UNIT 5 POEMS
我是一名文学青年，英语诗歌的业余爱好者。我喜欢莎士比亚充满悲伤的诗歌和戏剧。现在，我能背诵几十首英文诗歌和民谣，因为它们饱含形象的描述、押韵词和节奏。我还记得一首童谣，里面有“嘲鸫”“钻戒”“黄铜”“公山羊”和“公牛”等词语。有一首题为《母亲》的清单诗，它描述了千百只蜜蜂在晴朗的天气里（飞舞），千百滴露珠迎接黎明，千百只精美的蝴蝶在草坪上的花丛中（飞舞）。在不同形式的诗歌中，都有特定的行数格式。还有另一种形式的诗歌被称为五行诗，它由五行组成，用寥寥数语表达一幅强烈的画面或某种情绪。时间不等人，不说笑了。现在让我们围绕英文诗歌展开一次讨论吧。如果你已经对英文诗歌有了一定的理解，请说出你的想法。我想听听你们各自的看法。
在架子上显眼的地方，有一本散文书和一本无韵诗集。可能还有它们的其他几个版本。这些作品的核心内容是描写平民百姓的日常生活。例如，在樱花盛开的春天，农民们开始播撒庄稼的种子，期待着秋天的丰收。在纯真年代，人们天真无邪，富有同情心。他们彼此之间表示同情和爱心。那个时候，通信也不像今天这样容易和便利，但人与人之间的关系很亲密，不像现在这么疏远。
论文大赛的截止日期快要到了。我的论文是关于种族偏见的，它需要我的老师来润色。令我难过的是，老师说我的论文还有一连串的问题需要澄清。论文的结构过于复杂，我必须在必要的地方做些 改动。
