
收藏转发 | 高中英语新课标词汇表(2020修订版)
2020修订版新课标英语词汇表(全)
1.本词汇表共收3000个单词,含义务教育阶段要求掌握的1500个单词。高中英语必修课程应学习和掌握500个单词(表中加有一个*号),累计达2000。选择性必修课程应学习和掌握1000个单词(表中加有两个*号),累计达3000。各地可根据实际情况在本词汇表所收词的基础上,再选择增加200个单词。
2.本词汇表采用英式英语拼写形式,常见的美式拼写形式和其他拼写形式用括号加注。
3.本着在具体语境中学习和使用单词的原则,本词汇表不标注单词的词性和中文释义。
4.本词汇表不列词组和短语。
5.本词汇表不列语法术语。
6.本词汇表不列可根据构词法推导出的部分名词、形容词、副词等。
7.主要国家名称及相关信息等词单独列出,供教学参考。
1. a(an)
2. abandon**
3. ability
4. able
5. abnormal**
6. aboard**
7. about
8. above
9. abroad
10. absence**
11. absent
12. absolutely*
13. absorb**
14. abstract**
15. abuse**
16. academic**
17. accent**
18. accept
19. access**
20. accident*
21. accommodation**
22. accompany**
23. according to
24. account*
25. accurate**
26. accuse**
27. ache*
28. achieve
29. achievement*
30. acid**
31. acknowledge**
32. acquire*
33. across
34. act
35. action
36. active
37. activity
38. actor
39. actress
40. actually*
41. AD**
42. adapt*
43. adaptation**
44. add
45. addict*
46. addition*
47. address
48. adjust**
49. administration**
50. admire*
51. admit*
52. adopt**
53. adorable**
54. adult*
55. advance*
56. advantage
57. adventure*
58. advertise**
59. advertisement(ad)**
60. advice
61. advise
62. advocate**
63. affair*
64. affect**
65. afford
66. afraid
67. Africa
68. African
69. after
70. afternoon
71. afterward**
72. again
73. against
74. age
75. agency**
76. agenda**
77. ago
78. agree
79. agreement
80. agriculture*
81. ahead*
82. aid*
83. aim*
84. air
85. airline**
86. airport
87. alarm*
88. alcohol**
89. alive
90. all
91. allow
92. almost
93. alone
94. along
95. alongside**
96. aloud
97. already
98. also
99. alternative**
100. although
101. altogether**
102. always
103. a.m.*
104. amateur**
105. amazing*
106. ambition**
107. ambitious**
108. ambulance**
109. America
110. American
111. among
112. amount*
113. amuse**
114. analyse(analyze)**
115. ancestor**
116. ancient
117. and
118. anger**
119. angle**
120. angry
121. animal
122. ankle**
123. announce*
124. annoy**
125. annual*
126. another
127. answer
128. ant
129. anticipate**
130. antique**
131. anxiety**
132. anxious*
133. any
134. anybody
135. anyhow**
136. anyone
137. anything
138. anyway
139. anywhere
140. apart**
141. apartment*
142. apologise(apologize)*
143. apparently**
144. appeal**
145. appear
146. appetite**
147. applaud**
148. apple
149. applicant**
150. application*
151. apply*
152. appointment**
153. appreciate**
154. approach*
155. appropriate**
156. approve**
157. April
158. arch**
159. architect**
160. area
161. argue*
162. arise**
163. arm
164. army
165. around
166. arrangement*
167. arrest**
168. arrive
169. arrow**
170. art
171. article
172. artificial**
173. artist
174. as
175. ashamed**
176. Asia
177. Asian
178. aside**
179. ask
180. asleep
181. aspect*
182. assess**
183. assign**
184. assistant**
185. association**
186. assume*
187. assumption**
188. astonish**
189. astronaut**
190. astronomer**
191. at
192. athlete*
193. Atlantic*
194. atmosphere**
195. attach*
196. attack*
197. attain**
198. attempt*
199. attend
200. attention
201. attitude*
202. attract*
203. audience*
204. August
205. aunt
206. Australia
207. Australian
208. author*
209. authority*
210. automatic**
211. autonomous**
212. autumn
213. available**
214. average*
215. avoid
216. awake
217. award*
218. aware*
219. away
220. awesome**
221. awful
222. awkward*
223. baby
224. back
225. background
226. backward**
227. bacon**
228. bad
229. badminton*
230. bag
231. bakery**
232. balance*
233. ball
234. ballet*
235. balloon
236. bamboo
237. ban**
238. banana
239. band*
240. bank
241. bar*
242. barbecue**
243. barely**
244. bark**
245. barrier**
246. base*
247. baseball
248. basic
249. basin**
250. basis*
251. basket
252. basketball
253. bat**
254. bath**
255. bathroom
256. battery*
257. battle*
258. bay**
259. BC**
260. be (am, are, is )
261. beach
262. bean
263. bean curd (tofu)**
264. bear
265. beard**
266. beat
267. beautiful
268. beauty**
269. because
270. become
271. bed
272. bedroom
273. beef
274. beer*
275. before
276. begin
277. behalf**
278. behave**
279. behaviour(behavior)*
280. behind
281. being**
282. belief**
283. believe
284. bell
285. belong*
286. below
287. belt*
288. bend**
289. beneath*
290. benefit*
291. beside
292. best
293. bet**
294. better
295. between
296. beyond*
297. big
298. bike(bicycle)
299. bill
300. billion**
301. biology**
302. bird
303. birth
304. birthday
305. biscuit
306. bit
307. bite*
308. bitter**
309. black
310. blackboard
311. blame**
312. blank**
313. blanket**
314. bleed**
315. bless**
316. blind
317. block
318. blog*
319. blood
320. blouse
321. blow
322. blue
323. board
324. boat
325. body
326. boil**
327. bomb**
328. bond**
329. bone*
330. bonus**
331. book
332. boost**
333. boot*
334. border**
335. bored
336. boring
337. born
338. borrow
339. boss
340. botanical**
341. both
342. bother**
343. bottle
344. bottom
345. bounce**
346. bound**
347. boundary**
348. bow**
349. bowl
350. bowling**
351. box
352. boxing*
353. boy
354. brain
355. branch*
356. brave
357. bread
358. break
359. breakfast
360. breast**
361. breath**
362. breathe*
363. brick**
364. bride/bridegroom**
365. bridge
366. brief*
367. bright
368. brilliant**
369. bring
370. Britain
371. British
372. broad*
373. broadcast**
374. brochure*
375. brother
376. brown
377. brush
378. budget**
379. buffet**
380. build
381. building
382. bunch**
383. burn
384. bury**
385. bus
386. business
387. busy
388. but
389. butcher**
390. butter*
391. button*
392. buy
393. by
394. cabbage**
395. café*
396. cafeteria**
397. cage**
398. cake
399. calculate**
400. calendar
401. call
402. calligraphy*
403. calm*
404. calorie**
405. camel**
406. camera
407. camp
408. campaign**
409. campus*
410. can
411. Canada
412. Canadian
413. canal**
414. cancel
415. cancer**
416. candidate**
417. candle
418. candy
419. canteen**
420. cap
421. capable*
422. capacity**
423. capital
424. capsule**
425. captain**
426. car
427. carbon*
428. card
429. care
430. career**
431. careful
432. careless
433. carpet**
434. carrot
435. carry
436. cartoon
437. carve**
438. case*
439. cash*
440. cast**
441. castle**
442. cat
443. catch
444. category**
445. cattle*
446. cause
447. cave**
448. cease**
449. ceiling**
450. celebrate
451. celebrity**
452. cell**
453. cent
454. centimetre(centimeter)**
455. central
456. centre(center)
457. century
458. certain
459. certainly
460. certificate**
461. chain*
462. chair
463. chairman/chairwoman**
464. chalk
465. challenge*
466. champion*
467. chance
468. change
469. channel**
470. chaos**
471. chapter*
472. character*
473. characteristic**
474. charge*
475. charity*
476. chart**
477. chat*
478. cheap
479. cheat**
480. check
481. cheek**
482. cheer
483. cheese**
484. chef**
485. chemical**
486. chemist**
487. chemistry
488. chess
489. chest**
490. chew**
491. chicken
492. chief*
493. child (pl. children)
494. China
495. china*
496. Chinese
497. chocolate
498. choice
499. choke**
500. choose
501. chopsticks
502. chorus**
503. Christmas
504. church**
505. cigarette**
506. cinema
507. circle
508. circuit**
509. circumstance**
510. circus**
511. cite**
512. citizen**
513. city
514. civil**
515. civilian**
516. civilisation(civilization)**
517. claim**
518. clap*
519. clarify**
520. class
521. classic**
522. classmate
523. classroom
524. clay**
525. clean
526. clear
527. clerk**
528. clever
529. click*
530. client**
531. climate*
532. climb
533. clinic**
534. clock
535. clone**
536. close
537. cloth**
538. clothes
539. cloud
540. cloudy
541. club
542. clue**
543. coach
544. coal
545. coast
546. coat
547. coffee
548. coin
549. cold
550. collapse**
551. collar**
552. collect
553. collection**
554. college
555. colour(color)
556. column**
557. combine**
558. come
559. comedy**
560. comfort**
561. comfortable
562. comic**
563. comment*
564. commercial**
565. commit**
566. commitment**
567. committee*
568. common
569. communicate
570. communication
571. communist**
572. community
573. company*
574. compare
575. comparison**
576. compete**
577. competence**
578. competition
579. complain**
580. complete
581. complex**
582. complicated**
583. component**
584. compose**
585. composition**
586. comprehension**
587. comprehensive**
588. comprise**
589. computer
590. concentrate*
591. concept**
592. concern*
593. concert
594. conclude**
595. conclusion**
596. concrete**
597. condition
598. conduct*
599. conference*
600. confidence*
601. confirm*
602. conflict**
603. Confucianism**
604. Confucius**
605. confused**
606. congratulation*
607. connect
608. consequence**
609. conservation**
610. consider
611. consist**
612. consistent**
613. constant**
614. constitution**
615. construction**
616. consultant**
617. consultation**
618. consume**
619. consumption**
620. contact*
621. contain*
622. contemporary**
623. content*
624. contest**
625. context*
626. continent*
627. continue
628. contract**
629. contradictory**
630. contrary**
631. contrast**
632. contribution*
633. control
634. convenient*
635. conventional**
636. conversation
637. convince**
638. cook
639. cookie
640. cool
641. cooperate**
642. copy
643. core**
644. corn
645. corner
646. corporate**
647. correct
648. correspond**
649. cost
650. costume**
651. cottage**
652. cotton**
653. cough
654. could
655. council**
656. count
657. country
658. countryside
659. county*
660. couple
661. courage
662. course
663. court*
664. cousin
665. cover
666. coverage**
667. cow
668. crash*
669. crayon
670. crazy
671. cream**
672. create
673. creative*
674. creature**
675. credit*
676. crew**
677. crime**
678. crisis**
679. criterion(pl. criteria)**
680. critical**
681. criticise(criticize)**
682. crop**
683. cross
684. crowd*
685. crucial**
686. cruel**
687. cry
688. cuisine**
689. culture
690. cup
691. cupboard**
692. cure*
693. curious*
694. current*
695. curtain**
696. custom*
697. customer
698. cut
699. cute
700. cycle**
701. daily
702. damage**
703. damp**
704. dance
705. danger
706. dangerous
707. dare**
708. dark
709. data*
710. database**
711. date
712. daughter
713. day
714. dead
715. deadline**
716. deaf
717. deal
718. dear
719. death*
720. debate**
721. debt**
722. decade**
723. December
724. decent**
725. decide
726. decision
727. declare*
728. decline**
729. decorate*
730. decrease**
731. deep
732. deer*
733. defeat**
734. defence(defense)*
735. defend**
736. definitely*
737. definition**
738. degree
739. delay**
740. delete**
741. delicate**
742. delicious
743. deliver*
744. demand**
745. demonstrate**
746. dentist**
747. deny**
748. department**
749. departure**
750. depend
751. depress**
752. depth**
753. describe
754. description*
755. desert*
756. deserve**
757. design*
758. desire*
759. desk
760. desperate**
761. despite*
762. dessert**
763. destination*
764. destroy*
765. detail*
766. detect**
767. detective**
768. determine*
769. develop
770. development
771. device**
772. devote**
773. diagram*
774. dialogue(dialog)
775. diamond**
776. diary
777. dictionary
778. die
779. diet*
780. differ**
781. difference
782. different
783. difficult
784. difficulty
785. dig
786. digest**
787. digital*
788. dignity**
789. dimension**
790. dining
791. dinner
792. dinosaur*
793. direct
794. direction
795. director
796. directory **
797. dirty
798. disability**
799. disabled**
800. disappear*
801. disappointed**
802. disaster*
803. discipline**
804. discount**
805. discover
806. discovery
807. discrimination**
808. discuss
809. discussion
810. disease*
811. dish
812. disk=disc**
813. dismiss**
814. display**
815. distance*
816. distant**
817. distinct**
818. distinguish**
819. distribution**
820. district**
821. disturb**
822. dive**
823. diverse**
824. divide
825. division**
826. dizzy**
827. do
828. doctor
829. document*
830. dog
831. dollar
832. dolphin*
833. domain**
834. domestic**
835. dominate**
836. donate*
837. door
838. dormitory**
839. double
840. doubt
841. down
842. download*
843. downstairs*
844. downtown*
845. dozen**
846. draft**
847. drag**
848. dragon*
849. drama**
850. dramatic**
851. draw
852. drawer**
853. dream
854. dress
855. drill**
856. drink
857. drive
858. driver
859. drop
860. drought*
861. drug**
862. dry
863. duck
864. due to*
865. dumpling
866. duration**
867. during
868. dust**
869. duty*
870. dynamic**
871. dynasty**
872. each
873. eager*
874. eagle**
875. ear
876. early
877. earn*
878. earth
879. earthquake
880. ease**
881. east
882. eastern
883. easy
884. eat
885. ecology**
886. economic**
887. edge**
888. editor*
889. education
890. educator**
891. effect*
892. efficient**
893. effort*
894. egg
895. eight
896. eighteen
897. eighth
898. eighty
899. either
900. elder
901. elderly**
902. election**
903. electricity*
904. electronic
905. elegant**
906. element
907. elephant
908. eleven
909. else
910. elsewhere**
911. email
912. embarrassed**
913. emerge**
914. emergency**
915. emotion**
916. emperor**
917. emphasis**
918. employ**
919. empty
920. enable*
921. encounter**
922. encourage
923. end
924. enemy
925. energetic*
926. energy*
927. engage**
928. engine*
929. engineer
930. England
931. English
932. enhance**
933. enjoy
934. enormous**
935. enough
936. ensure*
937. enter
938. enterprise**
939. entertainment**
940. enthusiastic**
941. entirely*
942. entitle**
943. entrance*
944. entry**
945. envelope*
946. environment
947. envy**
948. episode**
949. equal*
950. equator**
951. equipment*
952. era**
953. eraser
954. error*
955. erupt*
956. escape*
957. especially
958. essay**
959. essential**
960. establish*
961. estate**
962. estimate**
963. Europe
964. European
965. evaluate**
966. eve*
967. even
968. evening
969. event*
970. eventually*
971. ever
972. every
973. everybody
974. everyday
975. everyone
976. everything
977. everywhere
978. evidence**
979. exactly
980. exam(=examination)
981. examine**
982. example
983. excellent
984. except
985. exceptional**
986. exchange*
987. excited
988. exciting
989. excuse
990. exercise
991. exhibition**
992. exist*
993. exit*
994. expand**
995. expansion**
996. expect
997. expectation**
998. expense**
999. expensive
1000. experience
1001. experiment*
1002. expert*
1003. explain
1004. explode**
1005. explore*
1006. export*
1007. expose**
1008. exposure**
1009. express
1010. extend**
1011. extension**
1012. extent*
1013. external*
1014. extinction*
1015. extra*
1016. extraordinary**
1017. extremely*
1018. eye
1019. fabric**
1020. face
1021. facilitate**
1022. facility*
1023. fact
1024. factor*
1025. factory
1026. fail
1027. failure*
1028. fair
1029. faith**
1030. fall
1031. false**
1032. familiar*
1033. family
1034. famous
1035. fan
1036. fancy*
1037. fantastic
1038. fantasy**
1039. far
1040. farm
1041. farmer
1042. fashion**
1043. fast
1044. fat
1045. father(dad)
1046. fault**
1047. favour(favor)**
1048. favourite(favorite)
1049. fear
1050. feature*
1051. February
1052. fee**
1053. feed
1054. feel
1055. feeling
1056. fellow**
1057. female*
1058. fence**
1059. festival
1060. fetch**
1061. fever
1062. few
1063. fibre(fiber)**
1064. fiction**
1065. field
1066. fifteen
1067. fifth
1068. fifty
1069. fight
1070. figure*
1071. file*
1072. fill
1073. film
1074. finally
1075. finance**
1076. financial**
1077. find
1078. finding**
1079. fine
1080. finger
1081. finish
1082. fire
1083. firm**
1084. first
1085. fish
1086. fisherman
1087. fist**
1088. fit
1089. five
1090. fix
1091. flag
1092. flash*
1093. flat*
1094. flavour(flavor)**
1095. flexible*
1096. flight*
1097. flood*
1098. floor
1099. flour**
1100. flow**
1101. flower
1102. flu**
1103. fluent**
1104. fly
1105. focus*
1106. foggy**
1107. fold**
1108. folk**
1109. follow
1110. fond**
1111. food
1112. foot(pl. feet)
1113. football
1114. for
1115. force
1116. forecast**
1117. forehead**
1118. foreign
1119. forest
1120. forever**
1121. forget
1122. forgive**
1123. fork
1124. form
1125. formal*
1126. format**
1127. former*
1128. fortunately*
1129. forty
1130. forward*
1131. found**
1132. foundation**
1133. fountain**
1134. four
1135. fourteen
1136. fourth
1137. fox**
1138. France
1139. frank*
1140. free
1141. freedom**
1142. freeze**
1143. French
1144. frequency**
1145. frequently*
1146. fresh
1147. friction**
1148. Friday
1149. fridge(refrigerator)
1150. friend
1151. friendly
1152. friendship
1153. frightened*
1154. frog**
1155. from
1156. front
1157. frontier**
1158. frost**
1159. fruit
1160. fry**
1161. fuel**
1162. full
1163. fun
1164. function*
1165. fund*
1166. fundamental**
1167. funny
1168. furniture**
1169. further*
1170. future
1171. gain**
1172. gallery**
1173. game
1174. gap*
1175. garbage**
1176. garden
1177. garlic**
1178. gas*
1179. gate
1180. gather*
1181. gender**
1182. general
1183. generate**
1184. generation*
1185. generous*
1186. genius**
1187. gentle**
1188. gentleman
1189. genuine**
1190. geography
1191. geometry**
1192. German
1193. Germany
1194. get
1195. gift
1196. gifted**
1197. giraffe
1198. girl
1199. give
1200. glad
1201. glass
1202. global*
1203. globe**
1204. glove
1205. glue
1206. go
1207. goal*
1208. goat**
1209. gold
1210. golf**
1211. good
1212. goodbye(bye)
1213. goods*
1214. government
1215. grab**
1216. grade
1217. gradually**
1218. graduate*
1219. grain**
1220. grammar
1221. gramme(gram)**
1222. grand**
1223. granddaughter
1224. grandfather(grandpa)
1225. grandmother(grandma)
1226. grandparent
1227. grandson
1228. grape
1229. grasp**
1230. grass
1231. grateful**
1232. gravity**
1233. great
1234. greedy**
1235. green
1236. greenhouse*
1237. greet**
1238. grey
1239. grocery**
1240. ground
1241. group
1242. grow
1243. guarantee**
1244. guard
1245. guess
1246. guest
1247. guidance**
1248. guide
1249. guideline*
1250. guilty**
1251. guitar
1252. gun
1253. guy*
1254. gym*
1255. gymnastics*
1256. habit
1257. habitat**
1258. hair
1259. half
1260. hall
1261. ham**
1262. hamburger
1263. hand
1264. handbag
1265. handkerchief**
1266. handle**
1267. handsome
1268. handwriting**
1269. hang
1270. happen
1271. happy
1272. hard
1273. hardly
1274. harm**
1275. harmful
1276. harmonious**
1277. harmony**
1278. harvest**
1279. hat
1280. hatch**
1281. hate
1282. have(has)
1283. he
1284. head
1285. headache
1286. health
1287. healthy
1288. hear
1289. heart
1290. heat
1291. heavy
1292. height
1293. hello
1294. help
1295. helpful
1296. hen
1297. hence**
1298. her
1299. herb**
1300. here
1301. hero
1302. hers
1303. herself
1304. hesitate*
1305. hi
1306. hide
1307. high
1308. highlight**
1309. hike**
1310. hill
1311. him
1312. himself
1313. hire**
1314. his
1315. historic**
1316. history
1317. hit
1318. hobby
1319. hold
1320. hole
1321. holiday
1322. home
1323. hometown
1324. homework
1325. honest
1326. honey*
1327. honour(honor)*
1328. hope
1329. horrible*
1330. horse
1331. hospital
1332. host*
1333. hot
1334. hotel
1335. hour
1336. house
1337. household**
1338. housework
1339. housing**
1340. how
1341. however
1342. hug*
1343. huge
1344. human
1345. humble**
1346. humorous
1347. hundred
1348. hungry
1349. hunt**
1350. hurricane*
1351. hurry
1352. hurt
1353. husband
1354. hydrogen**
1355. I
1356. ice
1357. ice-cream
1358. idea
1359. ideal**
1360. identical**
1361. identify**
1362. identity*
1363. idiom**
1364. if
1365. ignore*
1366. ill
1367. illegal**
1368. illness
1369. illustrate*
1370. image*
1371. imagine
1372. immediately*
1373. impact*
1374. imply**
1375. import*
1376. important
1377. impossible
1378. impress**
1379. impression*
1380. improve*
1381. in
1382. inch**
1383. incident**
1384. include
1385. income*
1386. increase
1387. incredible**
1388. indeed*
1389. independent*
1390. India
1391. Indian
1392. indicate*
1393. individual*
1394. industry
1395. infection**
1396. infer**
1397. influence
1398. influential**
1399. information
1400. initial**
1401. initiative**
1402. injury**
1403. inner**
1404. innocent**
1405. innovation**
1406. input**
1407. inquire**
1408. insect*
1409. inside
1410. insight**
1411. insist**
1412. inspection**
1413. inspire*
1414. instance**
1415. instant**
1416. instead
1417. institute**
1418. institution**
1419. instruction
1420. instrument
1421. insurance*
1422. integrate**
1423. integrity**
1424. intelligent*
1425. intend*
1426. intense**
1427. intention**
1428. interaction**
1429. interest
1430. interesting
1431. internal**
1432. international
1433. Internet
1434. interpret**
1435. interrupt**
1436. intervention**
1437. interview
1438. into
1439. introduce
1440. introduction
1441. invent
1442. invention
1443. investigate**
1444. investment**
1445. invite
1446. involve**
1447. iron**
1448. island
1449. issue*
1450. it
1451. item**
1452. its
1453. itself
1454. jacket
1455. jam**
1456. January
1457. Japan
1458. Japanese
1459. jaw**
1460. jazz**
1461. jeans*
1462. job
1463. jog*
1464. join
1465. joint**
1466. joke
1467. journal*
1468. journalist**
1469. journey
1470. joy*
1471. judge*
1472. juice
1473. July
1474. jump
1475. June
1476. jungle**
1477. junior*
1478. just
1479. justice*
1480. justify**
1481. kangaroo*
1482. keep
1483. kettle**
1484. key
1485. keyboard
1486. kick
1487. kid
1488. kill
1489. kilo(kilogramme,kilogram)
1490. kilometre(kilometer)
1491. kind
1492. kindergarten**
1493. king
1494. kingdom**
1495. kiss
1496. kit**
1497. kitchen
1498. kite
1499. knee
1500. knife
篇幅有限,词汇表不做完整展示,有需要的家长可以私信领取。
给孩子取名的千年变迁史
中国人给孩子取名的变迁史,你知道多少?你家娃的名字有啥特色或寓意,欢迎留言分享哦~
说一说中国人给孩子取名的历史。
前段时间,广东省佛山市公安局公布了一份名为“2020新生儿爆款名字”的榜单。其中, “梓×”这种组合,以绝对优势霸榜。
具体情况是这样的:
有人吐槽说,看了这份榜单,“突然觉得小红,小花,什么的好独特”。还有人开玩笑说:
“梓轩和紫轩打架,撞上了紫萱和梓萱,可欣、可馨、可歆跑过来劝架,撞到了若曦、若溪和若熙……梓睿和紫瑞跑过去找班干部浩然、昊然、浩宇与宇豪。大家一起拉开了梓轩和紫轩,扶起了紫萱和梓萱、雨萱,宇琪、雨涵拿来药品帮大家处理伤口,最后梓轩、紫轩、紫萱和梓萱在大家的劝导下握手言和。”
吐槽归吐槽,玩笑归玩笑。
正经说来,自两汉而下,中国人给孩子取名字,就一直是这般“一窝蜂”式地趋同。
比如,《三国志·吴书》里记载的历史人物,成年后所取(一般由主持冠礼的长辈赐予)的字,以“子 ×”、“公 ×”、“德 ×”之类的组合最为流行。且看:
步隲字子山、诸葛瑾字子瑜、顾承字子直、顾谭字子默、张紘字子纲、鲁肃字子敬、吕蒙字子明、陈武字子烈、吕范字子衡、陆瑁字子璋、朱据字子范、全琮字子璜、周鲂字子鱼、锺离牧字子干、孙峻字子远、孙綝字子通、濮阳兴字子元……
这些子山、子瑜、子直、子默、子纲、子敬……如果集体获邀参加孙权组织的饭局,互相打招呼的场面(古人同辈间互相称字),必定会非常有趣。而且,“子”字桌之外,不妨再另开“公”字桌、“德”字桌……将周瑜字公瑾、黄盖字公覆、凌统字公绩、蒋钦字公弈、陆绩字公纪、骆统字公绪、贺齐字公苗……这些人聚在一起。一圈招呼打下来,估计会有人忘了自己究竟“字”什么。
之所以如此,是因为在那个时代的人们,认为“子”、“公”、“德”、“孔”是最适合用在名字中的美辞。
公瑾的 公与孔明的 孔,皆是当时全国流行的取名用字
不过,这股流行风气到了汉末已是尾声。再往后,魏晋六朝的家长们在给孩子取名字时,兴趣就迅速转向“之”字。
仅琅琊王氏的第六代至第九代,就有:
宴之、允之、羲之、颐之、胡之、耆之、羡之、彭之、彪之、翘之、崑之、晞之、玄之、凝之、徽之、操之、献之、茂之、随之、伟之、越之、临之、望之、陋之、肇之、桢之、静之、裕之、镇之、弘之、韶之、纳之、瓖之、泰之、悦之、悏之、瓒之、昇之、标之、唯之、逡之、珪之……
这批“王 ×之”里,最为后世熟知的,自然是书法家 王羲之和 王献之父子。不难想象,如果琅琊王氏搞一次四世同堂的家宴,将这批“王 ×之”全部聚到一起,他们彼此间互相称呼,将会是何等妙事。
不光琅琊王氏,当时有名望的大家族,如东海徐氏、琅琊颜氏、范阳祖氏、鲁郡孔氏、河间褚氏、南阳范氏,吴郡顾氏、陇西李氏、太原王氏……乃至于皇族司马氏(晋朝)、萧氏(南朝齐),也都流行以“ ×之”来为子孙取名。知名者有裴松之、祖冲之、刘牢之等。
按万绳楠的研究,魏晋六朝之人,之所以喜欢以“ × 之”为名,是因为五斗米道的大流行。这个“之”字,乃是“作为五斗米道的符号而载入名中”。琅琊王氏是信奉五斗米道的世家,所以族中“×之”泛滥成灾;南朝宋文帝的长子刘劭信奉五斗米道,于是他的儿子也分别叫伟之、迪之和彬之。
犹如分庭抗礼一般,当时还存在着另一批佛教信奉者。他们选择将各种佛教词汇放入了自己或子孙的名字当中。且看:
王僧辩、王僧朗、王僧达、柳僧习、姚僧垣、萧僧珍、李僧伽、江僧安、崔僧护、王昙首、荀昙、李瞿昙、姚悉达、殷梵童、姚菩提、萧摩訶、崔目莲……
再后来,当五斗米道与佛教遭受世俗政权的打压,地位急骤下降之后, “×之”、“ 僧 ×”这股取名风潮,也随之消失了。
王羲之像
到了 唐末五代,群雄割据,招贤纳士成为一种政治风尚。读书人为便于推销自己,或是对后代 寄托一种期望 ,纷纷给自己或子孙取名为“彦”(美士之意),仅见于正史记载者,就多达近150人,以致于清代史学家赵翼感慨说:“五代人多以彦为名,彦本美名,故人多以之为名,然未有如五代时之多者。”——在五代人的“名字爆款榜”上,“彦”字占据着绝对优势。且看:
徐彦章、史彦琼、乐彦桢、顾彦明、王彦章、谢彦章、寇彦卿、李彦容、霍彦威、李彦威、杨彦洪、王彦温、李彦柔、夏彦朗、王彦璘、张彦超、苻彦国……
到了宋代,读书人开始玩 “象数之学”,阴阳五行之说被以各种姿势弄得五光十色,姓名领域也受到波及。
于是乎,按五行相生理论,爸爸叫朱松,松属木,木生火,他儿子就叫做朱熹(熹是光明、炽热的意思)。爸爸叫秦桧,木生火,他儿子就叫做秦熺;火生土,秦熺的儿子就叫做秦堪。
古代的父母,不但为男孩取名时,如此这般“一窝蜂”跟着潮流走,为女孩取名的情况,也差不多,只是少了一些与功业相关的色彩。
比如,有人搜集整理了出土唐代墓志中的女性姓名。统计分析后得出结论,唐代女性取名时,最常用的字是下面这些:
姑、妃、姜、娥、婵、娟、娇、嫔、娴、妙、好、婷、珊、琼、瑶、琰、玉、璧、金、宝、珏、璋、琪、琏、珍、媛、丽、静、善、柔、和、德、淑、惠、婉、顺、容、恭、诚、端、贞、真、棣、芳、芬、霞、云、兰、倩、素、秀、阁、香、华、英、霞、月……
虽然时间是一千多年前,但与今天的中国一样,唐代女性当中,也随处可见小芳、小玉、阿云、阿珍、静静与珊珊——区别只在于,那个时代的人不喊对方小芳小云,而是更喜欢用排行来互相称呼,所以史料中更常见的记载,是“张十八员外”与“公孙大娘”。
大体而言,流行给孩子取什么样的名字,可以反映时代政治、文化层面的的基本特征。魏晋南北朝的“×之”、“僧×”是如此,五代的“彦×”、两宋的五行相生,也是如此。
当代的情况,自然也不例外。
其中,总体使用频率最高的6个字是: 英、华、玉、秀、明、珍。
划分时间段后,1949年9月30日之前出生者, 使用频率最高的10个字是: 英、秀、玉、珍、华、兰、桂、淑、文、明。
1949年10月1日至1966年5月出生者,使用频率最高的字是: 华、国、建、民(以及 援朝、保国、跃进等词)。
1966年6月至1976年10月底出生者, 使用频率最高的字是: 文、红、梅、军、东、立、斌、卫、兵。
1976年11月至1982年6月底出生者,则开始大量使用彬、婷、磊、搏、昕、妍、璐、萌、曦、薇、妮、莹、蕾、娜、伟、海、波、涛、毅、飞、宇、锋、巍。
时下霸榜的梓睿、梓晴、子睿、梓轩、梓豪、浩轩……究其本质,乃是2000年以前出生者,因不满足于他们的父母给自己所取的 婷、磊、昕、妍、璐、萌、曦、莹、蕾、娜……而继续向文雅、别致中努力寻求的结果。
只不过,这种寻求,明显受到了流行小说与偶像剧人物命名潮流的影响——可供参考的一项研究,是台湾2014年发布的一份《姓名统计分析》。其中提到,1950-1970年代出生的台湾男性,名字大多含有“志”字,比如志明、志伟;1970-1990年代,就变成了 家豪、冠宇、冠廷占据前排。
2000年以后,男性名字的前排,变成了承恩、承翰和品睿;女性名字的前排,变成了宜蓁、欣妤和诗涵,晴和彤也广受青睐。该报告说,这种变化是“随着偶像剧的兴起”而发生的。
梓睿、梓晴、子睿、梓轩、梓豪、浩轩……的流行,与冠廷、品睿、宜蓁、欣妤、诗涵、子晴、羽彤的流行,其实是一回事。
台湾民众各世代前三大取用名字
当然,具体到“梓”字的流行,还有一个特殊性,那就是“五行取名”传统的伪复兴——前文说了,两宋之人玩的是五行相生,今人玩的是五行缺啥就用名字补啥,路径截然相反。笔者查询了多个取名软件和取名网站,发现“梓”字被它们统一归为“木”属性,引申为“生机勃勃、茁壮成长、自强不息、生命力顽强”等吉祥寓意。不过,似乎是为了避免引起家长的反感,没有一家软件或网站提及“梓宫”、“梓器”等词汇。
但他们显然没有料到,梓睿、梓晴与梓萱会变得满大街都是。一如千年前的中国父母,料不到满世界都会是彦章、彦威与彦超。